Documents & Research
Selected Documents and Research Relating to
294 Africans Buried at Key West, Florida
1860
THE StAn'.: DECK 0\0' TIlE DARK. "WILDJiIRE," BROUGHT INTO KEY WEST ON Al'lm~ so, 18GO.-{Ffto~ A D"'GUEltn~;OT1"I'g-)
"
During the summer of 1860, the small island community of Key West played host to over
1,400 Africans, These people had been brought to the island by the United States Navy
during efforts to eradicate the still-active trade in slaves. During this period, profit-minded
ships' captains of various nationalities were willing to risk everything to supply Spanish
and Portuguese colonies with captive Africans. These people were sold and then forced to
work in the thriving sugar and tobacco industries. Because of its close proximity to Cu~
Key West served as a refuge and depot for many resc'ued victims ofthis trade.
The people of Key West were quite moved by the plight of their guests, and provided
shelter, clothes, food and medicine to make their stay easier, Despite such gestures, many
of the Africans had suffered too greatly during their terrible voyage. During the two
months they were here, 294 of the Africans succumbed to illness or depression. They were
buried in unmarked graves on the south side of the island, in an area soon to be the site of
what is today known as the "West Martello."
For 140 years these graves have silently lain forgotten and unnoticed, It is time to change
this situation. It is simply not appropriate that so many people, who suffered the indignity
of being stolen from their homelands, should remain lost to memory. In 1860, the people
of the United States thought it was only right to do everything possible to rescue these
people from a life of slavery, Those of us today can remember the victims of this trade by
acknowledging those who found their final rest within the welcoming arms of Key West,
Research clearly shows the graves are located on Monroe County's Higgs beach, most
likely within the confines ofthe Martello tower and immediately to its east. This beach,
and its facilities, is scheduled to be renovated between now and 2002, A well-designed
memorial to the Africans should be a part of these improvements.
To help with the placement of this memorial, please contact:
Africans' Memorial Committee
clo Mel Fisher Maritime Museum
200 Greene St,
Key West, FL 33040
(305) 294-2633 ext. 22
ShipLine@aol.com
344
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
[JUNE 2, 1860.
THE AFRICANS OF THE SLAVE BARK "WILDFffiE, "-[FRO~ OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.]
I' . ., . .
'THE; S.LA,'VE DECK OF THE BARK' "WILDFIRE," BROUGHT INTO KEY WEST ON APRIL 80,'1860.'1:F!,~" ... DJ.avuK.KoTTPK.),
, , ,
. It" ~..,..-'Ft.omDA.',J{q!O.,184o.' _~.
ON lhe morning ,o(th. Slithor ,.A'prli ]~t, lhe
United S~te. l~eamfl.r.MokJlQ~.LieDteDant Craven
comma~din.r, came to: anchor .in tl1e.-h-"l'~or ot"thl.
plaee, ha,.i~g in loW" .~Tk"oltf~. ~urden.of ..~ttt
three hun'd~ and 't~i~'Jons,':J\1PPoled to ,he the,
bark Wildfir" lately_ owned' tn','the citv of New.:
York. "The- blll:'rk had'oD.'boa~ fin liu'~dred_l'I.nd
ten nAtI\"~. African" taken on' hoard. in ~e Rh"u .
Conp;o, on,tb.,welt aide Otth,e ~ntinent'of Africa.
She_ hft4 ~el!, np.tu~.~. ~- f6W},&Y8. rreTfou,ly hy
Lieutenant: CraTeD' "'lt~ln .~igb~ . ot tbe. no-:them
coast ol Cuba, al an Am!tican '~UHl.rriplo)'ed in
Tlolating OUf lawl -talnat: the al&ve.trade. 8M
had left the Cot1;'o lUver,thirty",tix day. before her
capture. '_'.':,'. ' . .
Soon aCterthe bark y.. atfqhored "0 repaired 'on .
b~.rdt and on puibig" over tbe. Itde .aw,oo"the
4.ck of the 'Vg.I, a'6out four hundred. and 'Afh.
nati,.. African&, in a atate of entire nudity, -ina
slttlnJ!: or aquatttng poltUN, the most ot them hav.
lngthetr knee. elevated 10_ al to form. a ruting.
, ,
place for their head. and arma. They...t 'Very cloae
to~etJler, mostly on eitber .ide olthe 'Vullel1 farward
and att,lc,aving a narrow open space along the line
ot the ~entt'fJ lor the_ crew ,ot tbe_ 'v_seHo pus to
lOci ~o. About flfty ot them 1!ere f~l1i:rown-young
;men; a!ld about tQur hundred 'We~e'boys aged trom
;~n' t.o ,sb::teenyeaTl. It 'fa utd 1),)" penon. ae-
'~!J,.in~,wtth the alaTe-trade and ,,.h~ JaW them,
that.-theY"were ,generally in a very:good'.~onditiOn~
'ofhealtb_',andllesb, u_eamp.re~ witb.,otver'limillr .
:~lJ;'oest ~oWl~ tb.tb'e fact that ~bey'.~",a not been
:10 much_ crowded together on bo_a~ .. it ctmlm.on
'in .Iave Toyap;es, and'had b;eenbetter:ted.than
.ulual, It it, ..td ~~attbe ~~tJc .i. ~lpable,o.fCany~,
hiK. and'wII prepared to. carry, onethou'aQ~; but
not bet,ng ahl. without in~~Ye1).lent dc~lllY to pro.
cure 10 many, Ihe .alle.d with.bi:: hundred. .Nlnetv
and upward had dIed ~.'tbe voyage. . Bat thia is
conaldered .. comparatively ~. ,mall10SI, ,howing
that they had been better eand tor thAn ulual.
Ten more have died rinoe tbel_r a1'l'h'd, and there
are about {onymore Ji~ in the hOI,pltal._.,:W' sa."
on boaTd:i.bout. Ii:': or .iven boT" 'and'men greatly
emac'llted, an~ 41..II.d ~t ~~"oT.eri,.~tid-~bout..:
hundred that showed deCided evid~~c" of lufFerlng ,
trom inaniUon,ex.hauatfofi, and diaeue.. Dyaen..
teTj was the 1"tlnclpaldlieaae. But ii'ohrttbs~nd;'
:ing their 11Jtrertngs, :we could not be ~tbenvJae than
'tnterested and.atriuled.at.tbeir.straDlZ'e look., mo-
ttona, 'arid action.. _The welt _onu- looked'llappy
and contented, ~nd weTe'readY~Dt an,. moment to
johi in I.. long or,,,'dance whenever 'they were dl.
recte(l to do 10, b:r-,u.-J.ck"~.:UttJe"_ fellow.. blaelk
... ebony, ..bout. twel'Ve .tea.l'I_o~d. ba~~" a h.nd-.
lome .nd expressi:ve .taqe. a,:, IntelllKtDt look, and
a, .parkling eye. , The ',aUon,on ih~ voyage-bad
drelled. II Ja.clr." in ..ilor costume, atul had made
him a grea.t pet. When we were on,board I~Jack"_
;carrled. _bout In his band a .bart COM, not only as
the emblem. but'uao.. Lbe In.trumllnt.otbls brief
delegated anthorIty. He would make th, Jl1~"~d
bo,.. .land u'P, .tt down, .IDg, or dance just as he
dlreoted. When tbe,.. ..ng "Jack" nlGnd .found
.mon; thOnl MIIChl II . ..1, 1lIlI1Io.1 tbo tlm. b)'
a1lpplng hi., J,an4.I!'reth,." Inlllf' ,ny raf'uoad to
,.Ing, or sang-o.a.t.~tI,me;'J"c.lc~..cora d~ended on
'their b.ck.... .' Thelr'lingi~g w.. monotonou.. TLe
;W:Ofda we- 'did. _not- 'ciDae~ti.n'd. We hat'e rarelr
aten a 'more happy 'and merry.lOoldDg fellow ~.n
."'Jack." ' '.
i From:.the deck 'We ,delieended Into the: c'abln,
,wbe~ we aaw ai~ty or .e'ventJ.'" ";G.men and young
'g!_rl~'lti Nat",,'s ~~ '~me .i~~g: on the. ~~r
and o~her1J on. the 10c4~ ,and,'89me atck onea 1,-11:1""
tn' the beTtha. Foor or' five ~f _them' were .... g(1)4.
deal '_tattooed on the back ~na arni.; aJl~ ,,:"enciti~ed
tl:ia.t three had an'annbri.nded:Wltb the figure '.' 7,"
wldch, we..upPole,.ia ~.'ine.rcliantl. n'I'r~
On' the'd.y of thelr..~T&l tbe: aick~~ ,~bout
forty 100al1, were" lAuded and.."carried to a ,bu~ldinl
o~ tbe public gro1inda" , belonghig ,to loti ~.ylor,
and, Doctors 'WhiteJiurit and Skrine emplo,.ed aa
tnedtcal attendanti~ We 'Tilllted. t.he~-_In' th4J aft.
e1'l1oon. The United Statu Marah.1 hid procared
for--iaU at them. .hirt., aDd paau tor tbe men, and
10m. benevolent l..dii. ot the city had .ent th6
JU~E 2, 1860.]
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
345
T~ll PRINCllSS. MADIA.-[I!'BoH :.. D~G1I1l1""~B.]
girIa and women g01nu.. Six or'eight win -v.'tyli~: i 't11e oth~
era cUd Dot.pp..r.to be in anyfmmedlate dang~ otdY.ing~_ .W.
'Wen "''1ry iD:ach &,":oHd by . yonDI.lad aboat ft(teen 1"~ old,
not much .19k, who had ~t oa, Pl"C!bably tor tIi~ ~flnt=ttm. in
hb Ilte, . whole .hirt, and who ,"1084 to ,bi dellt~ti4 Wlt~ .v..: .
.ry bod1.Dd:~T"I')".tl:d~g b. .nw. B. .vidfO~)r.th~qtlt1:la
.peeob of th. ',,~ite mart was Te..,.. tQ.nny~ ' __Whe,ii. . few ."'~
we.. .poko~ 10, him he lmmedlalell repealed th4\.... Willi groat '
glee. Pohiting ~.Dr.:&kr.in", WI ~d. UD~tor.'" H..aId
It Doctor.",', And '~n polil.qng to '_Dr. Wbi~.hutlt~ ,... Hid"
"Doctor ~:!' .H',~ld UD~tortoo.'~ '~h'J1_dolton'~d...
!eeted (1'0:1'1\. tti.~ ,pil.rk,. :woman".boat 1~~nty..fo'ur'Y~ o_t 'age .'
to ..,ilt the DUrie .1~i taking elLr._ o'{ ~h. '.lck~_ ,'Sh,"-ad ~u
dru.e<! In'., clean, caUcO _ frock; ~n~ ~~~.ed very ~~e~bly.
About .un~oww:' th~". aU lay down for..the J;'lgb~ upo~;..eam'p;
bed, and ~ere covered o~er with ,blankeb..' :A"nd"Do"':.:ICeDe
took place wlrlch iDterel,~,u. very D;l~ch;.ba.t,,wbl~hi'We._di~,',
not undera,tand an4 C&l1 n~t" explain.' ,'rh~woui&n .~n;di~g up'. ,
slapped he( Dalidl' togetlie'r: once', or twlce~ and' as 'a90~,:&I all.
'Wen .11ent. -',he commenc:ed .. .or,t of,"~ti.t~On,~.otil', 9r, pri:t6~,' ,
In tone and,m~ner~ucb..l~e a_Ch~tlQgofthe Llt1:DT.ln:~~J1;.
olie ohu~Ch..,'and"Tert few:~o.menW: fl.; ,yol_ ot_~~.br' fie:. '
:e~~e:~:~d~~:~~:n:~~.to~~o~~=~fh~ t~:.
It looked I:ud l6a~~.!l to". .,try. ~~Ch' ~ike .Ch~-': cpant1~
together an .Te~lDg'Pta)ar ~a. reilrhi.. to ,J'U~: ~iid, yet "'..
feel quite ~arid: tba~ p~ ,(,f-~h~ ~~9Di.W e"rth~,9f,
Chrl.I, or hid.1Urilo'fChrritj'nproC~_o,:~ ,M~ If.
an~\ knowl~.die--dt Q~: ":..,cna~~:or P~rY. _ot th. fr~\d,:. .
'We IU'p&Ct. tliatUwa",DQ~'lInd8l'l'tOOd b,"\h.m ai,'.r;tl!gio~.:: ,"
Ilxercb, at aU, b,ut a. aometbt.n:g.wbleh.tbey ~ad 1Men:tla1~.a..
to ~o through at t~e barraeoona. i~ Africa or OD board tJ;ae~ 11.~.ip.:
In two dj,..aftOr th, ..<ri..l of IheJ)..k~..Hlol'Ihal hOd; ,
completed. lUJe, alrT ~uU.ding ~t, Wh~~beacr. 'Polnt, .~l~~e ~
out of the, ,to.wD_, r~t ~e. receptio,:, and. a~!D~&t~ou or tl1.e.~ ,:
people; and.atter_'ietti.ng ~m, :c~ 'u ~~ .~ he co~d in !to
ahort a tilli.,they.,;.n alllinded'on.th,'f~rt.ha.rf;aIid:e'r~ '
rted in carta' to'.~eirqQarter~~ :. On. ~~~~g ~,~ ~'ey. ~llu::'
rIlng.d tb~~.elY", .lolli' .tJt8 lid..;ot tb~ ~~4blgi,~ ~ey h~~ -':
been Aceu.tomed to dO'oD' thedee:1t.'of the' ,:,..el"llnd .qbatte.d
down in tbe _;am~ q11l.nner~ !t,~Ook; ~e<M~~ .1?-~ '111 ~.::.' J
.iatants .ome Httle time, and no small efforts, to
give the Africans to uilderstand that they were
free to move about, to go out and, come in at ,will;
They" learned . this'in. t:he.:courae of:a 'fe.w hour.;
: 110:Wever ,: ami 'general ~er~meilt. and 'hilarity: pr~:"
vaHed.',," We :vilit~d 'th~rn: in the: afternoon, .and
, have7dDne.!O ,ieveral tl~eal sinee;-' and,:'we -coDf".a::
,tha:t 'We: bave, 'Oe.n~ ItniclC, .. m"Dy.~,~otb.tI,baY. ,
~D;wit1i tbe:8Xprellion or:lbte1ltgenc.'d,i.play.ed. :
,In thOlrIf...., t~e h...~ty.ol!tb.l'Pbrli.al.,onfJ>fm., '
R~ion; ~D~ the:buutt of.thqir, ~t~.. ,1V e:haye,J>Otn '
a.<uItO...d .tolhlnk'~l&t the. .IyUlw\,ne~,ot ", '
: our,own :co~ntty;w,efe;~!lpe1t.Dt,:'in point or ,lntelll-.\ ' ;
" genee; ,.nd pby.icard.~e1od.~'Jlt" tQ'the nath"e At.: _:: '
.... riCA.ntl ;,.1)ut'jl.!dgi~g'~on1y:~y;thl..~ye,'we:t\1t.Qk,:.lt, :f
~. wo~-1d ,be:di4t.cillt:~o ftnd,jauy,*hent:lo :o..r ,O)m',; ,
'::;'~~:'~~;:~~~hL~~~:~o~~~~~"':.
otten"s..' th8~ elonga.ted ocCtP'"t~:b6,;p.rotrll,ded
ja!8; 'a.nd__the-'recedliig foreh(l&d:;' but you.,al._9 I
, otten .aw a head u .rouDd.i.with:f~tur.a. as ~(n1~
,tar &8. &I1Y, El1topQn'.,_,8xeep~, 'Ule. unlver.al: ~t ;
. .nose!,' ,Littl8;I~Jaek.'.' ba.l. budu,round' ~ p. .
apple;. .... ' ,
, ,.A.num.ber ,of,t~:,nerrPe~rhapl tweln,o"r',
fi~8n in: aU-fhlLv8'-be.4n rn+",o~,].u!!,..t ,an"- a~~t .-
" La.ndo,'a P~rtQgUQe;,t:o~on':tPe .cou~,',.,nd:ha!.
1......<d to .peal(dillJe 1'0~!rQ"'.. j '!JvoQgb,an;
, inte~ter we'l_~I),ea fro", ~em,~a~'lN)m. foW( Qr;
:::::::.: ':~~:~~~~u,~':.~ .
.tation at Loan_do. , .F~'.l~,.;a'YO\lDg..m
he wu ,ba.ptizec(by,.a~n~~._ an,'"frfar~.iti.Lo&n ,~~';" "
that he was a .la~..in"A~~~ ...~4. dQe{'~,t: ;W~:~.
return tp.ere. '. He.a)."~'he _ \l,ra~~rJl!'~ _~..!~-~.~'~
'ihe."hlte .maJ)...in'WiJ.colItltFY'';' S~Ya.d~r,~.1?rJg.q~,
loo~lng,"lml\rt lad, _lra.J heel}. b~ptizf4f': Qo,n;!I~t1.~. '
:::~~o...w:~b;:~~:~:~o1:~i~j~~~:;'~;:~ THE ONLY JlABY:,;(HQNG THEAF!llCANS..,..[D.UjU~~"D.]
Ihe was ,youp,~,.ap.d'W:"'40'd. by ~r:brotb.er.: ATI:~
, . " . " , .
, .' :~'A..Ii!lIC4N.'-{lIao>i ~])"9~~.-ri,.,,~]
toD.t& '~d' Amelia are both fiD.~lookhir' )"bung. 'Women, aged
about twenty, and we" both baptized at Loal\d~.. . Jd.a~:ll~, a ,
pican, unbaptized, aged about twenty, h... ob~ed, am.~1 ~Q.. .,
wbite -people here who have 'YWted the quarteia the' Dame of
. II Thf! P~n~11t on account of bet flne_perlOll&l~p,...ra~ee:and
the deferen<o thai ......ed to.he, paid 10 her hy IQll\e. or~... com-
, ~1)~ona;..:.~ Penona_ we, have ~'mentloud;mCludtng som.
.ight!~~n o.thel'l, ~Yi;d..~y do Dot belong ~ 'th... ~m.e trlb...
th"~ the, 'ru.t'~o~ I~',~. whol, number i. .videDUy:~'?i,
fiom: iIIlf~.1 trlbeJ.llViljI' In tho Interior orAfrl~ >>.n&~,'-
.gr~r n'urn~r!~are'II.OO:dgOl."'<' 1'1.e.1fQmen w~'bav8. n.~~~ :,
'h"ve ,cirt' or',ha:veltiii ~.:tr o6th',l>>..dt ~_of thetr~~ea~, fro!li
'a'pOlut'oD",ibe ,cron'i9 ~bl!l:b.c_k p.J:fo~ eith-et ar; ,It Ii the- :
(..blo!t~of_l~e(r tribe:' N~~,o.tthe:O~erwom.en' md:hu. ibol'lt":'
',Ii;f'fnT?( t~~ 1l'~n, :,!~!1;, ~)'~1 ud.'g\r~,~,e fil~d.tbeir fr~~'
: ~D4om. by 'l1.~ing t~8Jl\ to a p01nt" ,n~ ~the'" by out:.-
, t~ng:_doiiU'~~e:t.;,o '~pper r~nt te8tD.: , The penon,'ahO... ~.m~,
r 'haye tti,~r te4th in'''. n.'tild.l .tAte,; .. :Pirbip. ~y i~ ,aU. Il1'e'
'~t~mon:oi-1~~ "j ." " . '.- . I
, .. Tri...eler" deicrl.b8 t\18 n4-tive.a ot C9JIgo U being ..mall or,
: .'..' ~b.t"re;.Ii..rM, roO<!'1>;'!"~, '.relI'~~"an.d, ~~',r _ -
',": Ut~. ~er.n.ptber ~'1l)U14:~r I?cMI_Y.' ,.N~'ll\~6Ien,ce"Ii"Ca.f".' I
,: rt.d.-W1th1;h~ to th.,i~m-o.t'e_il:_.. . The'll1;U._ cUl~T&t1bn Old .,
'/ ~~X:~,~~~(~$:;.;~;~~:1~~:f;t~~~~ '
: ~ '~i1t hou~".are- put._ ~ar. 'qf: matl..JP.adetrQm tlie.flbre. ~t .
':';{~;;a:~:il?lt:;~~~;;~~:e:: '
, fiN,:.~t:e J~IJ. ni"''il.-to' eotrgr~.. on'. t'be IUbjelrt; f'rom'
.~~~.~~ gl,:~t~.~~~p~'l)e~~.,' ;_~ '~"'9~~nt:,c~~'tQn, or "
mot,",r ,lave-Ihlp wlllr mo.. A,frIw.., wllr, p,?~~blf l.~~ .to ,
,J~:~~~:;:t-;;.f~~~;;~~;~~~'~~:~~"
.:~ a:;a ~~:::~:,:;:;,~~~~a~~:':~~o~&=~:
Um.U ,~.~'Q1'!t ;'W.ro>>J:It~,tO.th.~ ',.caM ~f ~ JPiJdJu: : nUpro~,'
,able, Jnaalllr:li.om'.tlJe"l~..ea ~~y{tr Gf'Lh._II"T~."l!., aDd 'UI..
<", .~~ !)(our ;Cll'l1~a:,i UI.._~~..\o,r.~ tim_fiat ciAptar. m_";li. niaa. ~
foni.the'..d .~f: ~.),,~.: t":i ,.p~~"OD ~~" :~f~' i.: ~
1
I
I
346
E:ARPER'S WEEKLY.
[JUNE 2, 1860.
ll'P-nted lup enougb ~ coyer Illeb oontlnpnclcJi. _Tbe
period bu ..rrheel when U; ,. Indlllpenlab1e ~ pi'o~hl.
IIOI:QII apecUlc lec'&'atioll (or th, p\dance 1I(~ti. E~ecu-.
Un on tllk IUbjfllt. Wnb ,bit 'Plew, I would. IUnes'
that eou,..... IlIII'M ..utberia the l'rutd8:Dt. ~ nta'
IntD .. pntrllJ alfMftl,nt. with Ut. ColODl&atl~D' Boc!:let1;
btadrnr UI" to recdYft, on 'h. cout; of AfrlblL ft'O~ o~~.
qaDi \bere, ioU Ule ClptUnd Atrloanl which lI:Ia)'biI 4..
liftftd t.o blm, and to malo\aln 'bem foraUmJ.cl.'ptrl"Od,
upon auob Wmil a1\d COQdlitonl .. ma,. oomblt!' .~1lDi~._
it1' to1ra1"4 \Ii.. unfortunate. wltb .. Jut; eco.o~1'< ~~..
woald 'obrlak tbl Daoudt,. of ntttlDI' .. ntWO: bUf&1D
"nll 'nry 21..... cap~ 1&111 ..ould ,nnD' d~I"1 ~d:
.....old .x,...... In the !llqod&t~b. of- 'bl capturid. The
I..." IIlI'I'M Ula proTide t.b"'~ Ill, ~ ~ ..here Uda .111;"1
be pracUca~ the ca.ptor Ihoald C&h7.C.1 ne~ d~
J,. &0 Atria, aud de1tnr _,&beJEl ~ the-.Amerlcaa. -,gen"
tiler., afterward briDainl~.oa~T~ t1nhe. thut-
e4 8t.atel for adJ~~I_""~oo.-
U Th. ce.ptali.S ot!etr.' in cUe~' IllOaId brCD; hi.
prIM 41~11'~."uIe Unna4' s.te_ nc~t to be ~!n4
~:~~;=I:h-=~~~=r~~i':lIa;:
Ollt the 1a.r r. -.pod. ..U Ul_ PO":1i ebeap. but pIftD...
.en' UClOlI1m04i;Uu. m:lpt be pioY:l4ltlt lor Uie ne;ro..
anUI ijJ., collld -be AD' aya,., wUhou' IncunmrUta IlL
pl1lM of IINCdDC' .ueb &CCOmmod.ti~. at ,,"err ~n
. wheN .the capturlnr olllcer may think proper 10 euwr.
On the pneent-occulcm tb... necfoN ha" ~ brouCb'
to X.,. WeiR-; and. acaordlDIf 10 tile ..umate p.....nt.ed
by: the )(anhal, of, 'he BouVlem Dlikld of Florida to
tAe 8fIorekr7'of 'he Interlor. 'be COI' ofpro'ridlnc km.
po.....,. q,,~n (01' them wUl be $tSOO, unl tbe, eran-
pee ex,,",'" lor the IIncle monU, of leAY wUl &moun'
to .11.000. BII' tbl_ Ie far from belD. tb. wont rriI.
Wlthiu..:,.... .....k. the 7.11"; f.-nrwUl most probably
pNft1l at ltey W_; and beoce tbe J;l&nbal u..... their
nIDOftllrom &b.ir preHnt quarter. dan earl1 clar,
"blcb mut h dooe In Any ..-eat ..lOOn as pn.ctlcahI..
For \hue reatOD' I earn,,",. commad \h1I nbJ~ w the
, lmmt41&te aUeaUooll o~,Conl"ll-"
'rHE
1ltilt.ommtt.chtL (irraudtr.
BO..IX.
BY CHARLES DICKENS.
Qn pf the pleau.nte.t thing. I hAve lately met
with, In & vagabond COUfM of Ihy metropolitan
neighbOrhoOds and .mall .hop., ill the fancy ot an
humble lTil.t, i.a exemplified in two portraita 1'8pre.
lenting.ll~. Thom~ S&ye1'l, of Great Britain, and
lfr..Jo1;m H~an, of the United State. of America.
Thue illUltriou. mea. are highly colored, in fight-
ing trim, and fighting attitude.- To .uggest the
paatoral and medi~t1ve zUltu.re of tbelr _peaceful
ealling, Hr. Heenan i.s re~nted on emerald
Ilfaro, with prlmroae. and other modett floweI'I
oprluglng up uuder tho heels of hi. h.lr.booto;
whil. ldr. Say.l'I is impelled to the adminhtrat10n
of hl. favorite blow, the. Auctioneer, by the lilent
eloquenea of . Tillage church.. The humble homea
of England; with their domeltic virtu. and. honeJ"~
luotle porcbu, 'Urge both hetoel to go in and win;
and ~ lark and other .inging-blrda are oblervabl"
in the upper m, ecatatibaU,. Caroling thefr thanks
to Heaven for & fight. On the whole, the ...ocla-
tlO1ll entwined 'l'rith the pngllbti.c an by thla arti.t
are. much In tb.e manner ofIuak Walton.
But itiJ with the lower animale of back .treetl
and 'by...wa;.. tbat my. present pn~ reate. For
human DOtu we may return to .ueh neighborhood.
....h~D lebare &nd inollnatlon &erve.
Notbiu,fr in __aIiy, neighborhoOd.- perpl~Xel ~Y.
mind mOre than the bad company bird, keep.
FOfeign bird. often get -into good .oclety, but
"lJrltbb bird. are inleparllbl. trom low ...ociate..
There ii,. whole street of them in 8t. GUu'.; and
I alway. find them in poor .nd immoral neigh-
borhoodl, convenien~ ~o the pubUo--hoUH ..ad the
pawnbroker'.. Th.,. ..em to lead people into
drinking, and ....en the man who mat.. their cage.
u.ually geb into a chronio .tate of black "ye.
. Why 10 thlo I Aloo they will do thingo lor people
in .hort...tirted velveteen coats with bone button.,
or In Ilee.Ted wu.tcoat. and fur cap', which they
can not be persuaded by the reapectable oiden of
JOciety to undertake. In & dirty court in Spital-
:fteIdl,' once, I found a goldftnch drawing htJ own
.....ter, and drawing u mucb of it a. if he were in
a cODlUmmg fever. That goldfl.ndllived at . bird...
.hop, and offered in writing to barter himself
agahttt old clothe., empty bottles, or eTen kitchen-
.tuft'. Surely a low thing and a depraved taBte in
Iny ftD~ I I bought thJ,t goldfinch for money.
H. ,.... nnt homo and hung upon & nail over
against ~y table. He Uved outside & l?OUnterfeit
dwe1l1ng-bo_u.e, .,uppoled (u I ~gued) to be a
d,er'. 'j,thlrwiee it would have been impo..ible to
account for hi. porch .t.1cklng out of the garret win-
dow. From .the' ,time "of hit appearance in my
room, either." he len off, being thil'St~'-which wa.
not in the 'bond-or be could not make tip hia mind
to hear hb little bucket .drop back into hie wen
"hen he let. it. go: . .hock which in the beat of
time. had made bim tremble. He drew no. water'
but by atealth and under the cloak of night. After
an interval of futile and at length hopeless expect-
ation, tbe mer~hAnt who had educated bim., w~
appealed to.. The' mercbant w~ .. bow...J.egged
diaracter, with a flat andooahiony DOle, Ilb the
lut n"" .tr.wbeiTy. He wore . tal' cap ~tld
.horta, and ....u of,the velnteen race, velVeieeny.
He &ent word that be would" look round." He
looked round, aplMUed ~ intbe" door':way or the
room, aDd .lightly cocked- up hil evil eye at the
, goldftnoh. ' I~tant~i a ra~g . thint bent th&t
bird i when it .... appeased, be atill ar..... .'TUal
unDeceuary buchu of water; and final1). leaped
about hlI-perch and .harpened his bill," ifh. had
been to tbe nearest wine...va~t.s and got drunk. .
. Donkey. agall1.: I kno.... .hy Z'ieigh,borbood.-
where the Donkey goes'in at the .treet door, and
appears to Uve up .tairs, fOT I have examined tbe
back Tard from over the palil'p, and bave beeu
un'abl.. to make bim out. Gentility, nOhility, roy-
alty, ""ould appeal to that donkey tn vain to do
"What he does (01' a. costermonger. Feed him 'With
oats at the llighe.t price, put an infant prince and
nrinr_"llA in II. na;;,. nf nRnnif\'r1ll t'lTI "hI" 'hflr'\- ,,~inllt.
his delicate trappings to. nlcet)., take-him to the
, .oftest elopel at Windsor, and try wbat pace ;'>'011 can
: ~t out ot him. Tben .tarve him, hal'neu' him an)'..
. how to a truck: with II. fiat tray 011; it; and Ie, hIm
bowl from Whitechapel to Dayswater. There ap'"
pears to b. DO particular private understanding- be-
'Cween bird. and dooke,. in a .tate of,natore i but. in
the shy neighborhood .tate you .hall aee them a]..
w..1' in theaame banda, and alway. developing
ib.eil' v~rY belt energlea for the Tery worst comp,!ny.
-I.~~e,k.nowD a.donkey-byligbtj we Were not on
.peaJ:lng terma-who lived 0'\'"81' on the SUITeY lid.:
of London Bridge, amODg the f.,melles ot Jacob's
Island and.. Dcickhead. It w.. the habit ot that
animas, when hit'lemceJ w.re not in immediate
requirition" to go out alon., idling. I have met
:. him, .. mUe from. his place of residence, loitering
Cb9ut the ,treeb; and the expreuion of htJ coun...
t.eD:anc.e at .uch timea wal 'most degraded. He
wali ttt&ebed to the establishment of AD elderly lady
who 101d periwinkles, and he used to stand on
~aturdat nightl with a cartful of tbo... delicacle.
o:ntside . gin....bop, pricking up ~ie ~ra wben a
culto~er- Came,to t,he art, and too evidently dariv...
Ing ..titf_CtiOD 'from the knowledge tbat. they got
bad mea.il1re. Ria mistre.. wu IlOmetimee over-
taken by inebriet;r. The lut time I ever laW
him (about five ,.ears ago) he '''a. in clreumstancea
ot difBc~lt.y, cauled by this failing.. Havlog been
left along with the cart ot perlwinklel,.a.nc.l forent-
ten, he went off idling. He:prowl.d among his
usoallow hauntll for .ome time, gratifying his de-
praTed taite, untO, not takjng th~ cart into hit
calculation., he endeavored to turn up a narrow
lilley, and bcC&me greatl)' involved. He ,,,all taken
into cu.tody by tbe pollce, and the Green Yard
of the district being near at hand, wa. backed into
that place of durance. At that wis I encounter-
_,d him; ,the stubborn len.e he evinced of being-
not to compromise the expression-a. lJlackguard,
I neve.. all'" exceeded in the human subject. A
4aringcan~le in a 'paper sbade, .tuck. in among
hi, periwinkles, .howed him, with his ragged har-
n... broken .nd bit cart exteneivel,. .hattered,
twitching his mouth and Ihaking his ban,:ing
head,. picture of disgrace and otiduracy. I ha:ve
.teen boys being tak.n to .tatton..how.. who were
aalike him as hit own brother.
Tbe dog" of' .hy neighbarhoods I ob.e"e to avoid
play, and to be con.dou. of povert.y. They aYotd
'Work too, if they can, of course i that is in the na-
ture of &11 ani male. I hAVe the pl.....ure ~o know
. dog in a back street in tbeneighborhood or Wal-,
worth, who.h.. grutty diatinguiAhed bimself.in
the minor drama, 'and who tu. hb poitrait with
hiill when he makes an engngement for .the illu...
tration or the pla.,.-bUI. His portrait (which I.
not at all like him) represents him in tbe act of
dragging to the earth & recreant Indian, wbo I"
luppo.ed to h.w tomahawked, or e..ayed to toma.-
hawk, a Britbh officer. The ,design ia pure pee- .
trr, for there ia no luch Indian inthe'plece Ind
no .uch Incident. He 11 . dog of the Newfo\1n~..
land hreed,. tor ~hOle honelty I would be bail to.
auy amount, bot ....hose intellectual qualltiel in
auoeiation with the dramatic fiction I. can '~t
rate higb. Ind.ed, he i. too bODeFt (or tbe, pro.
feaalon he bl.l entered. Bei~ at a toWn in York...
shire last .ummer, and aeeing him pos.t,ed -in tbe
bill of the night., I attended the,p~ri'onnance. Hie
tint. .cene was eminently aucceuful; but, &I It {)<:.
cupled a aecond in iu repreaentation (and tive~~~
in the bill), it .carcely afforded. ground for a cool
and dellblt&te judgment of bis power.. He had
. 1De~ly to bark, run on, .nd jump through an inn
window atter a comic fugith.oe. The next acene
of imPortance to the fable Will a little marred in
ltll intereet ,by his overanxiety: forumucb II
....hile hil malter (a belated soldier in & den of
robbe-:a on _a tempeatuous nip;ht) WII feelingly 1...
menting -the ablenC8 of bi. faithful dog, and, lay-
Ing great .trees on the fact thtl-t .be wu thirty
le-.guu away, tbe faithful dog ".. barklog fari-
OUIlyin the prompter'. box, and ciearly choking
himtelf against hill collar. But it was in his great..
eat lCene of all ,bat hi. hone.ty got the better ot
him. He had to enter a dense and trackleaa forest
on tbe trail of the murd.rer, and there to fI,. at tbe
murderer when he found hi.m rullng at tbe foot of
. tree, with hi. victim bound Tea(ly for slaughter.
It 'Wae a hot night, and_ ~e came into, the forest
from an altogether unexpucted direction, in the
liweeteat temper, at a very d".1'iberate trot, not tn
the leut excited i trotted to the foo_t.-ligbt. with
hil t01'lgue ont; and there sat down, paqting, and
amiably .unejing tJ:l.e audience, with his taU beat-
ing on the boa.rd., like a Dutch clock. M.anw~ne
the murderer, impatient to receive his doom, WU'
audibl)~' calling to him, U Co-.O-OHB here!" whUe~
the victim, struggling with hit bondi, auaiIed ~im
with the moat injurious expreniona. It happened
through theae.means that when he,wat, In coarse
of tim.e, pereuaded to trot up and rend the murd.rer
limb from limb, he made it (for dramatic purposes)
..little too ob-vio\U that h. wotked out that awful
retribution by licking butter off hi. blood-s_talned
handa.
In a shy street behind Long-acre two honelt
dogs live who perform in Punch's IhoWI. I may
venture to sav tha.t I am on terms ofiatimacy with
both, and t.h8t I never laW either guilt.,. ~f .the.
faltehood of failing to look down at the man inside
the &how during the':whole performanco. Th. dif.
fic~~ty othet dog. have in I4tillf~'ing their minda
about tbeae dogs, appears to be l:lever overcome by
time. . The .ame dog. muatencoqnter them. over
and' over I.g'ain, as tbey trudge along in their off'..
minutes behind the leg. of the "boW and bel!id.'the
drum; but all dogs Hem t~ .uspect ..thelt friUs and
jacketa, and to Iniff' at them ui(' they thougbt
thou mielel of personal adomfllent an eru-ptiOll-
& ~~ething in the na.ture of mange, perhapl.
From thi. Covent Garden.window of mine I no-
ticed a country dog,' only 'the other da.y, who hlld
come up to Covent Garden Market under a cart,
and had broken his cord, an end of which he .till
trailed ..long with him. He loitere<l a.bout the
corners of tbe four streets commanded by my wiu-
~n..'. ....~ hll~ T .......,1"... ,\"..... ........... .." .....;1 ~"lA l.l_
1I.s that be didn't believe; and wone Londoa
dog._ CRme up, dnd made propollLlt to him to go
and .teal ili the market, w~icb bis principleereject-
ed; and the way. of the town contUle(t him, anet
he Crept ..ide and lay down in a door_way. He
had .arcel,. got. wink of aleep when up com.
Punch with Toby. He wu darting to 'l'oh" (or
consolation and advice, when he .aw.the frill, and
.topped in the middle of tbe atreet, appalled.
The .how wu pitched, Toby retired behind the
dr&pery, the audience formed, the drum and pipet
struck up. .My country dog remained immovable,
,intently .taring at the.. .trange appearancet, un-
til Toby 'opened the drama by appearins- on hi.
ledp, and to him .nt.red Punch, who put a tobac-
co-pipe into Toby'e mouth. ,At thl. epectade the
countl'J" dog threw up hie head, gave one terrible
howl, and Bed due west.
We talk of men keeping dogs, but w. might oft..
en talk nlare exp~elSively of dogs keeping men. I
~~~k:e~~l~-::n~ H~hre:;~~~~f u~am~~~,m~:
makes him go to public-hous.. and lay wagers n~
him, and oLligea him to lean agahut PO'" and
look at him, and forcee him to negl.ct work for
him, and keepa him ander rigid coercion: I once
knew a fancy terrier that kept & gentl.man-a
gentleman who had been brC1.1ght up at Oxford,
too; The dog kept th, gentleman entirely for his
glori(ication,. and the gentlenian never tAlked about
artj. thing but the tenier. This, however, 'Was not
in a sh,. neighborhood, and ill & digrea:aion, COBle-
qnently.
There are .. creat ml-ny dogt in shy neigllbor...
hood. who keep boy.. I have,my eye on a mon~
grel in Some" Town ,vbo keeps three boys. He
feigna that he can bring down sparrows, and. an-
burro.w rats (he enn do neither), and he takes the
bO~'1 out on "porting pretenses into all aorta of.
luburban 8elds. He hat likewi.. made them be-
lieve that he poueues .ome mysteriou. knowledge
of the art of :It.bing, and they consider themllelves
incompletely equipped for the Hamptfead Pond.,
wJtb .. pickle-jar and a wide-mouthed bottle, un-
leashe is with them and barking tremendously.
There 11 a dog residing in the Borough of South.
waTk who,keep. a. blind man. He may be .ean,
most daYlI, in Oxford Street, hauling the blln4.
-man away on experlitione 'Wholly unconfomplated
by,and nnintel~igible to, the man: whoUyOf the
dog's conception and .xecution. Contrariwise,
when the man bas projectl, the dog will att down in
a crowded tboro\lghfare and meditate. I saw him
ye.terday, 'W.aring tbe money-tra,.like an euy
collar inltead of oWering it to the public, taking
the man against hil wJll, on the invitation of ..
disrepntable cur, apparently to vtatt a dog at Har..
. row-he 'Wal 10 intent on that dinctlon. ,Tho
north wall of- Burlington Ho~ GardeJUl, between
~8i Arcade ilnd the AIlJany, .0Wers a .h)~ Ipot for
appointments among blind men at ,abont two or .
three o'clock in the aftemo_~. They lit (very un-'
comfortably) on a Iloping baard.there, and com-
pare notel. Their dogs mayalwl)"' be obaerved,
at the aame t~e, openly dilparaging the men thel
ke,ep, to oue another, and .ettling where the,.. .ball
'",sp.ctively take their m.n when they hegm to
mo'\-"e ,- again. At 'a .mall butcher'I, in a ehy
~eighborhood (there is no reuon for aupprueing
tho nAme i it is by Notting Hill, and give. upon
tho diatrict c~ne<.1 tbe Potteries), I know & sbaggy
black and white dQg who keeps a drover. He i. .
dog 01 IlD. eas,. disposition; 'and too frequentlyal..
lows thia drover to get drunk. On then 9Cca-
mOlle it 11 the dog'. custom to lit outlido th'-pub.-
lic-boule, ke.ping his e~\"e on a few .beep, ,and
tbinking. I bave seen him with,'ix sheep, plain..
l)~ caatiD:g-up in hil mind how many he began with
when h~ left the market, and at wbat placu be has
left the rut. I have ..en him perplexed b" noc
being able to account to himelf, (or certain par-
ticular .heep. A light haa,gradually broken on
him, he hll rememb.red &t what butcher'. he left
them, a.nd, in a bUTlt of grave ..tbfaction, ha.
caugbt & fir oft' bi. nose, and shown bim.elt much
J'elieveil. If I could "It any time have doubted
the flct tbat it wal he who kept the drover, and
not the drover who kept him, it wouI'd bAve been
abundantly proved by hi. way of takiuS- undi.
vided charge of the aix eheep when the. drover
came out besmeared 'lith red 'ochre and beer, and
gave bim wrong directions; wbieb he calmly diJ.. '
regard.d. He ha. takeo the .be.p entirely into
~a oym. hand., .bas _ merely -remarked, -with reo.
spectenl firmneu, II That in.structiou. ,,"ould place
them under JJ1 omnibus; you had' better confine
your attention t~ your.e1f-you willwQat it all;u
and has driven bill. charge AWAY, with .n in~li-
genu' of ears and tall,' arid a knowledge of bUll-
Delli that haa left hb lout of. man very, very tar
behind.
As the dogl of -shy neighborhood. usually betray
. s1inklrig conlcioumus Qf being .In--poor cireum-
ataac8l-for tbe .most part manl(eated in an ..pect
or anxiet,., an'.awkwardne.. in tbeir play, and a
misgiving that80mebod). is going to hamel. them
to someLbing, to pick.up a 'living~ tbe cata of
.hy neighborhood8 exhibit a strong tendency to te-
lapae into barbari.m. Not only are they_ made
aelfi.h~y fer_ocioue by rumi.nating, on the .urp,~o.
population around them, ana on the den.ely
crowded 'ltate of all the av.enuea to.t:n.t'..mea.t;
not only is th~re a moral. and poiitico-economlcal
baggo.rd-desl in theni, traceablo to theJe.reflectloDs,
but they evinee a phylical deteriomUon. 'Their
Jlnen ia not clean, and.is wretcbedly got.up i their
black. turns rUlt;). t like old mourning; they wear
ver,. indifferent fur, &nd take to the .h.bbiut cot-
ton vel vet, IDltead ot lilk vel vet. I am on term.
-of recognition with .enral amaD streete of cat...
about the Obelisk in St. George's Fi.ld., and .alao
in the viclnity or Cl.rkenwell Green, aDd atao in
the baclt aettlementa of Drury Lane. .. In appear-
ance they are ~ery like' the women among whom
they live. They leeR} to turn out of their un-
wholesome b.dl into tbe street without. any prep.
aration. They leave their young families to mg-
f~r_~~~~:l t~ .1g~~~r!~ ~~~~~~~~, ~~i~~. ~~e,: fr,ouz~
cornUll.,. In particular, I remark that wllen tbey
ar. about t-o incrtlaae their fllmiIiu (an event of fre-.
qu.nt occurrence) the l'eEemblance II .trongly ex-
preued in a certain dust~. dowdin..., down-At-he.1
. .e1~-neglect.. and general gi"ing up of thing.. I
cI.n. ~ot. b_oue.tly nport that I have eVer seen A {e.
Une matron of t.bil clua wlUlbing her fac. wben In
an tntereatiDg condition.
Not tq proleDg thue notu of uncommercl&1
traT~ amonfi{.:the-,low81' animals of .hy neighbor-
hood., DY d.WlSlI1gg atlengtb u~n tbe exuperated
moa:dineu ot the tom-eatt, and their relemblance
In many re.pectJ to a man and ll. brother, I wiU
come to a cloae with a word. on the fowl. of the
lame localities.
That an" thing born of. an esg and inve.ll!ted
with wing., ahould han got to the pus that it
hops contentedly down a lad!ier into a e.llar, and
calls f~aC going home, ia a clrcumlltance ao amazing
a. to leave one nothing mOre in tbis connection to
,'Wonder At. Otherwise I might wonder at the com-
pleten... ...1th whic;:h these fowl. have become sep..
arated from all tbe birdl of tbe al1'-have taken
to groveling in bricks and mortar and mud-bave
{or~n all about Un treel, and make roo.tlng-
places ollhop-boards, barrows, oy.ter-tubt:, bulk-
heads, and door..crnpera. I .,.,onder at nothing
concerning them, and take thnl as they are. I
accept.. producta of Nalure and thinga of coune,
a 1'educed Bantam family ~f my acq~lIlintance In
tbe Hackney Road, who are inceasantl,. at .tbe
pnwnbroker'l. I can not ..y that they enjoy
themselves, for tbey are of a melancholy temper....
ment; bat wbat enjoyment they are c.pable of
tbey derive from crowding tog.th.r In tbe pawn-
uroker'. .WHntry. H,ere tbt'Y are alway. to be
found in a feeble lutter, .. if the,}" were newly
corne down in the world, and 'Were afraid o{'being
identi&ed. I know 8. low feilow, orlgln,all)' of a
good family from Dorking. 'Who takes hie whole
e~tl:lblil-hment of wives, in lingle file, in at the door
(If the J~g Department of a di.orderl). ta~f.!rn near
the Haymarket, manC8UYrU them among tile com-
pany'. lap, emerges with them at the Bottle En-
trance, and ao pal"' hia life: .eldom, in the lea-
lOn, going to bed before twoin the morning. Over
W atedoo ~ridge there is a .hab~y !Jld "peckled
couple (tb.y-.bel~ng. to the woodlUl Frencb.Led-
.te~ w..hiJ:'lg-ltIl;nd, an4 towel - b01'M - making
trade), who are alway. .fr,)'ing to get in at the door
of. chapel. Whetller tbe old ladYI under a delu~
.loti, reminding one of ::Mr.. Southcott, bna an idetl,
ot intrust-ing sn egg to that PlTticular denomina-
tion, or merely undentands thRt ehe haa no bud-
neuin the building, 'and III consequently frantic to
enter it, I can not detennine i but ahe iI constantly
endeavoriog to undermine the principal door:
while 'her ,partner, "ho is jnftrm upon bis legs,
walb up and' doWn encouragiug her and def~'ing
the Univene. But the fll.mU)' I have been beat
. aeqoainted with, sinee the removal from thie tl'J'-
i'ng sphere of a Chinese circle It Brenttoid, reaide
10 the densest part of Betbnal Green. Their ab.-
atraction from the objects .mon~rwhlch they live,
or ratJl,er their conviction that t,b08e ohJectl bll.ve
al~ come into, existence in expre.s .ubl!ler,ience to
fowlt, h., 10 enehanted me that -1 have made them
tile .ubject of many journey" at divert bourI.
ON BOARD A SLAVER.
BY ONE OP THE TRADE.
OK a wet and cloud,. morning in the month of
April, 1859, I wu sitting 1retore the fire ot a board-
ing-bouH in New Yode, ruminating on what .hould
be !'I1Y future mode of life. I bad returIled .ome
time from my l..t vo:nge, wbicb had:b<<n to the
Eal~'Indi.., and my fund. 'ven rapidly decre..ing,
and coinpelled me to look oat for Inother ahip.
While. my .mind 'W&I following thll train at
. tboughu, I became .uddenly aware of voices con-
vening'in a low tone outside my door, w~ich on
approaching nearer sadde"l,. died away, and I
beard. knock. On my lAying U Come In," there
entered. the landlord of the bou.e, accompanied by
a .tranger, to whom he introduced me II Captain
Manwell, pyiag that the gentleman, if I 'W"
agreeable, bad. .omething to communicate; he
then withdrew, leaving the .tranger with me.
I begged him to Le ..ated, and to. commence
what he. had to eay. He 'Wu . man rather lJeloW'
the middle height, with dark ftasbing ey", an4
hair of the same hue, regular feature., ,and a pale
lo.reign-looking complexion; he altogether bore the
appearance.of any thing but & aailor. Having
tak.n.a. chair, and drawn closer to the fire,he told
m. that he ....... in commaJ)d of. ship about to pro.
ceed to the welt cout of Africa on II. trading voy-
age for palm-oil, and that he Wllnted some tru.t..
worthY'lDen to man .her, and that' on ~eferring to
my landlord for, aid, b. .had .trtmgly recommend.
ed me; be had tb,erefore paid me thi. viait to offer
me a vaCAncy. . Now these proce.dings seemed .0
atrAllge and,Dlyaterloua ~bat'I could.pluinly see
there w~ IOm.th~g .t _ the, bottom of them; '0
IOQking him ateadf~y in the face, I .eked him It
b. meant bythe-traalng voyage II the game." He
replIed yea, that I 'WaI right; and hAving heard
Jrom my boat thAt I .poke both 8_pani.h an.d Pot-
tuguue fiuently, he offered me & berth' of t.rn.t,
knowing that my-knOWledge .a,a linguilt wonld
be of great UJe to him. . After IOmll conllideration
I consented, to go, fC!r my.de.i-re to make m~n.)'
and my love of a~venture urged me-to do it. We
then made some arrangements, and I, on my: part,
promisiog inviolable .ecrec)', he left, having given
me direetion.tog~ down on .the following morning
to the docD,' wbere I .bould find him on board the
,bark FUms, wh.re we .hould make and settle all
the arrangementS. -
I accordingly went down tbe following mornlDg,
tLDd finding he hid n~t yet arriTed on board, I tom..
ployed my time in taking a survey of the .hip. I
found her to be a long,low, black craft. of 460 tons
burden, bark-z:igged, with raking mut. and sharp
bow. She had a railed quarter~ock, with .aloon
II.n~ cabins ~?de~eath, ~~r ~b8 .~aptain and~~a~es i
..
.t....,...'.......'...u..............:.'.
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.:~t
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No'. 289-VoL. X:l NEW',YdRK,SATURDAY, ,JUNE 23,1860. LPu.ICll60:mrs.
. . .... .." ... .' .' .' '. . .' !II:. '.' '.':" .... ......... . '. landlngofthenetf,.. c.p~'blthe'!1uitedS'tateli~
Whatmore"c8.Ji.be Wan~~~OV8 the,' Imm8~ IUldCAPTU~E: OFTH.E . SLAVE VESSELS AND THEIR WY&IldOtte on the~eriC&llb.rk WilliaID.o. ' . .'.
,Wide.Spi'eadCiJ:cW.l!;tiollof '.' '.. . C~QOES. .. . On the Dl,oming/1>fthe Sthof~y,whUetheWyanclotte....
. 0"" oruiIerlhaTe been T$'y'IUCCOSsluJ. of late in the aeorch l!fter OIl her eouroe for the south. aide of. c"b&,. b&rk .... j!lIcOTered
F.K LESLlE'SILr..1J8TR!T~Nt:WSrA~ER1. the slayen; ...hich inf9tt1ie Cub&ll cout; &Il~ h....&b:e&dy..p- .tanding in. oIlor. with all ..il &et to .ligbt breeze. 'Cbau' wu
,...." Tn POLLOWDfO' .w'r~tl1r~.ve.~ with over 0'" thO\OBand llvehundred>i.egroeo. immediltely com",ence4&1ld continued. for four h'!lt'~; 'lrh....t...
., . i.... ,The'pri.Z";W'l1'ealltol<ent~KeyWe.t &Ildtheir cargo..I&I1ded. winddyinga1qoymOl' Il"lDing l'Ilpi.~'~bart,
We h&vefound hi.Nx~~ IL:r.vITUTBD Naw,81'Anll:Sucb)l.!l&ccesllion to tbel'opuia,tion ofthet place ,caUsed the .the ia_. .' . l'l"dotle for '1O&,itIng
to be tbe mqot, oflicientmeans (or ,.dvartisinjrour h\lSinea/l in. all'. .uthoritielno little .troub)e to .pro'litie .1litable .oCoin1l10dat;lola oteamer. taclr:ed . . ";~ili<i<l. ")1-t About
p&rlB of the oountry. 'fortb.,,,. ':Butby ..tivj,ty ond energy'andbyceJlingfortb every. ele:vj!1lA. ....tbe Wyoridotte being wi1Jifn. . ' ce of
~.u<r '" .e.o., availab~ resource, in.. few d.y..aIl wore.co,nfo<tobl1thougb the bark, Captain Stanley baI1ed berm~aaIdng,,..hat'
1une., !S6D. 660 llro&dway. N. Y.roi1&b1ybouoed. Wep""!"t tbia".eek &Il .iIIiiatratioIi .ofthe ....ael it w... &Il.~ ~~ iQ >eply, "~,~~")lOi'en in
,"
..
.'
loAJlDIXG OY' TJI1: (lARGO ~J &LAva .CAPl'UBlm ON DOrin TlU ..l.DIL~OAN B.lilx WJI.oLIAK.' BY m. 11. ,i. STBADR 1n'AIDJ01'1'Jl-DIUHDARltATlON AT Dr WJl9T.-PIIOTOGllAPDD IT' DAVID LA.:WBUOK.
..
66
-,:---.
good English. _ He th.en o11iered her to' 'tibow her c.olo.r.e, which
.h. did, by hoistil>g J.!>.... Ameriw. jjsg:'.,An. ol!lcer ....... th~.
....t on board, ana .h.-w.. fouud t"li~ the Amencan bark W-iJ,.
llama Captain Simm...O{>parenUy ~~ed in lawful trade, ...
tb~/w~ no visibl~ ~ 0( llegroes-~.bemg on b~ard.. _ ~ut- on
lltting~. tarp.ulino 1l'\th. ...hich th.-:b.tc!>.. ...""" ~~ the
. .'Woolly.~ of . n"",b<r.of n~....!,," ,,?,mediately. tIii:ust uP.
. .1ir'bold rellel' tOthe"IlgIit;-fOjuoing the 'blio:rding )'lU'ty; m"tll.-ox_
."citement of the moment, to._giTe~e checra,'which was auawered-
by those on board theW~dotte. . ~ieutenanto . ~d and
Egglest?D and a plue crew o! nmeteen aailora and marmes were
then plAced on board, and the officers,. u'IW anq ;I'~ers of the
bork tak"" on board the W,..ndotte, ind tl>e pnze t<>...e.d t<> Key
West. '. .
The poor A6:icans.were conyeyed from the -bark In carta ~d
taken at on-oe to their tempo~ quarters, ..wp.er~ .every care was
taken t<> provid.r.;r th~ ~ and comtql't. '. .
Tb. number of Africana orlginally taken'on board the Willioms
at the Congo RiT"" is. variously .tated: ,'l'h.:Ameri~ cap~'
says there w"". only m:bundredandaixty. .fo,u.:recOlT.ed. ; while.
other and perhaps mOre -Correct aceo~~ mte theJl~Qer ~t_Q
haT. been seTenhundred andllfly. If,this.be true,them6rtal4y
among them has been very great; for !hero. "''!l'Obut;lIT.~un..
dredand forty.six Africans on board when \l&Ptltted,.~ feaT_
ing two hundred and four t<> bl\iscco;"nted for. ',To~"la'tt."
number must b. .dded the six lbUJ>d 4eod.on ~d t<> baT.
been ldlled by the crew in preserving silence and P""":"ting .<\eo:
tection betore . being boarded by capton), and the thirty.three
who di.d on the passage t<>KeyWesl"-maJdngatotol of.two
hUlldxed and forty.three deothe I
The treotment theyl'OOllived on.board this ve..el bear. no com-
parison with that giTen t<> lbOte ...ho "ere on board the WU~.
The veele1 was,found _to be in a filthy condition, and the .living;
~ht uncared for.
The prisoners have b.... conllned in jail, and are undergoinf;
~ examination before'Commiuionu Eethel. '
B. .lllNUll'il AMERICA.N :HUB.E~1WlD DlUl(U'IC
- . - Rzol'lDIINfI.
NltW AND POPllLAR OOXP.lNY OF OOllEllUNl!.
Eve.rr..lfte11WOD.at.8,&ndEveu1n,.nMo'cIock. ' . - .'
.Alao~,GB.lND AQUA.RIA.. of.lceuuAdRtnr G,..-deDl'i LlvJJ:1c~tI,.
Hala~lo":.;~~tblucl 26-CeD~J. .,ParQuette, 16 oem. Ulra. ~.
under ,$en YMl'l,16'_CfID~,and t.o Ule l-arquetteJ 10 oentI utra..." - ,
.
444. BROADWAY-:H.AGIC TEHPLE.-ll:oimJ,Y, Ju"" 18TH,
J.ND DUlUNG TO 1Df'fIll.. WJ::D.,
PROFBWOR JACOBS,
Tbe (l'eaf; umiTaUed.
. WIZARD, VEN'l'RJLOQUIS'r AND DlPROVIS..l'l'OREJ
..lUll his myJterJous, comlo G~=IaU~=,y
:~~ ~~~;;.e ~t~~~'::. a::,i~~:et \he crowded and t'aahion&ble audience.
SOItcltJiB J'ANTABl'IQUE.
ComtnenceI at 8 o'olO(lk. l(.at.!ll.ees, Wedn.daY8 and Batarda;Y8 aL halr-put.
'So'cloolr:.
AdmlaioD. 26 Ce1lts. RMerved Seat.l,"60 .Cent..
FRANK LESLIE'S ILLUSTRATED NEWSPAPER.
FRA.NX LEBLlE, Editor and Publllh...
NBW YORK, JUNJl2S, 1800.
..t.u. OommunlcatlODS, Boob for ReTle,;, &:0., mut be add.rll88ed &0 l'1wo:
z..m:, 19 CUT Ban sq~., New York.
TERMS FOR THIS PAPER.
~: ~cr-:::::::::::::::::::::::: lr-;e:-::::::::;~::::::::.: ~
W~~f~';;;:;>>:;;;::;; HEr ~:::::::.::::::>: U
A.nd an enra CoPT to the perlon .eudiDr a Club of J'lve. Evel'1 addWonal
lubilJrlpUOIl, 12.
Foreigi1 New..
Bf: the NJaga.ra the I1em illmportmt.. The obJet I.ote~i'~ ~~ GaribAIdJ,
. ~1. &ft8r landLDg on the lUll at Manala, In&rthed_:~poi1 hlei:mQ-;:_lW.~r '&he
1'01al Lroops on the ""'-T. These ted in luch 00iltus1OD._ Uia~ :~eT.~.t.,.e!i
'PaJ.ermowlthoutthelr arms and YWT b.... otoloC;h~r.. G,arihal4l__tbent.ook.
poQeulon ot l(OQreale, the heJa'hts which aurroullfand. . ,~i-u;ap.
After .eTe~ aUempta of General Lanza to. dklodp' .~m. e .-n
&D.&U&ck.upoD..Palermoontbe21thotllaT,.~d, ~:'~:. tl1cior,
aiJ: hour., eatAbHahed his beadqut'bn in uu. ""17 cent:re or ib.ef.:..: . .At ~.
Um.e the Nla&a.ra len, the rO)"allee\ ....... bombar4iDl' ,ib,e place. ~lnlQCceu
of Garlbaldl had. e:.t.n:lsed. ICob. a p&ralTSiDr el"aot OD, ~ Nueo.Jti8p:
Lhat it had rqJped"nnd tbe1n'fltche4 tyrant, :lomba, J~.,
Oft'N'IDf -A llberal Cll.blnet to Itop"public 4ta00ntQt A.Jl-~
BlcJUana un beOU.ICOutod by th.IDdt.rG&Qtpop~,. ..:?;b.
BriUlh I.et.&t Palermo'had oW.red. P~&o~er.lC&~. '.
From lCar1a.nd, ...e hoar t.IW on the eTlnlDc _or t.b:~,~'h, B
recelT' I a rrand ovation In,the ~..mbr.., LeIoeItclr ~u).re. ';
or BcU'. LV', prtsent6d. .Ranall. 'W:ILb.-~.. cluplloate ,balt".antt'
editor of t.b.. Splrll_qfUu-J"ma,.PreDD.~ 011.. Pnoiae),'llm
. ll:D(I&ild Ji thus fl"&(led. ~4 J:J,."nde4 by~oll).lo c:l:IamploDl.
enr, c.he 6(btlllJ, Sayer'll the '!'&pm, JIlIoI1.D,v 1o.UWI_1l:." .~m.",:.:,:
'T:~ce~~or:=:7e:~:t~::n:: :=~~
There is eVidenUy .. leere't" _UDderlianling:..~_.R:_i& -_o.u"~e, .IJlur _'
lI"blob. may' probably bring about; '., coJl~~; 'bt:t.w...,q,,~~_qa,.
::fa.,:~ ~:':;r ':~~h ~:;:~:'i:. _~Cy, .' ... . : ~ll many m~llt!" of 8JIXi~1U expectation, ihe mighty mon-
or lha:t barb.rouJ anom.ly iD. Etu'Opt is "'1l~1~1"wWQJ~,;:mu~.~~elOOn~, 8te':f Of the oce~ 1a at thli moment plouglijrig her way to tbia
:~~:::~v:; :~:::om= J~~~w~,:,:~;n,,~~~~:::-~:~I::J::. -~o,re; Perluips b~o~ tJ!ese wOrds reach the eyes of our readers
J. lnlTltable, and then is. no doubt the N&poleon c1yDaStywoul4cU8&pPeAr, in. _;~e~_.r;,;be':'ft:reJ.,.'~~ch_orec:l opposite _~" Ba~" the o-b'erved
.b........'.. '. :()f.i.l,Un~.'tho~d ob~.~ougba year has no...
The Cbln... ban ,oslUvely d""Unod lbe >'r.neb and EngUob ,ro,ool..ns, "d~p,sect.mC. .I(er fiI#t,voyage . Was ,.p,roj..ted,altll.cugh aha has
tb~~=o:r;.= =(J~C:~~:~:;ll:::r::.r::;~~ ~=:~rn:~;been.ae.Cnbed:ov_~'_~, over a~ ~;illUB~tedin-every.pOiJ:.
'~.craaltlee, and oltea many revoltJag IJi.!taDON, ja wblo~ 1DUb( -,rbm,en h4Y_~ ':Sible_,.ahBpe_ and - -W;~j :the publio:- ,~ her ~ ~o~ iJ1 the,-
baeD.tOrtllre4 to d..Cb, Should lb. youbJ vlI1aln,Bomba, have.~ly..,_h. ~ai1: l~;~ed.,.She.ls'intended, .'px;i.1iciple .....lUch,
bnternottakl.aheUerJD EDr1an4, as h. would get the nm.eue..tmentih$ if'.~e~~~-will 'auuredly entir ,tionize the present
b';::~:""";:'b':~Y:::'llnle ,ro""inor 'b. ""'per.r'. ...~c In' ~.f~;val architecture; It;. this f.et which gi;Ves t<>. her
toUOl1a, whJoh had",been merolleu1y 1aehea bT l-b_ London nm.e,,/':.'l'h.ap~ce 10 deep and Iaiting 'an interest. Her:yaat dimen-
II uWoable hoaUlttT" b.tw~ .l-he l-wo &Tfl&t W."rn PeWflrJ 1a ,evideli1J.r siQ~:het. ProPOrtiOIlB in eTery respect 10 giglLIlti~ ::will. 'fully
Il'Owb1i. . .. -''-., 'aafiltr"'the_ Inplt prepolterOus wondermongers amongst UB,,, and
'_li~ur:will b.e: a U sight" ~ tens of ~OU88.Ilda.for weeb to come.
"U'the GTeat Eestern ;. s mechsnical su...... eh.. will cor-
Postmaater Holt upon the Post O1Iloe DefaloatiOIllJ., toln1y;prpve commercially .uccessful. It behovei.us, then, t<>
TInI triangular duOl-lla.Midahipmen Eosy....owbich PqB\Dl.8llOr Ot.hl!1''tout tboroughly, that w. may be pl"Pare~,forthetIe.
Genenl Holt, hia Third Assiotont, Zevely, and Yr.,SinhAtiilitoi: ",maua competition which must moue, A few sucll""""....tUe
Tate haTe bad in .onsequence or tl>e Fo...ler defa1catiQi>;)i8S.., :Dfoluter.in:the hands of our greatrivsls would abaoJ'h',tl>ecar.
.ulted in a very loud report from Yr. Holt, in reply t<> 'a'I'OOOlu', :''1'ing'. trade of the ....r1d. W. cannot r..t idle"~a,.Careleis
tion of the Houoe of Repreoentativ.. ~:f!>r;he~',and( 'wllilethre~tened with so greet.a dsnger. We ehoul4,]5e')Ip oi.d
oircumstance. pertaining to Yr. FowlerlA,;ae:t!~",,"-rq.'a" .Btirring--we should' meet our friendly opponent on her own
.trange aud most interesting dOClUnent. . .'.Qie Poi~Qter..q~e:' ,ground, and strive to tread closely in her footsteps, ~ though.
ral exCUles oraplains .the inability of MatshalRYJ:lders to cap- she has got the start of us. There will be no want of- mo~ey to
turethe genial defaulter, on account of the extensive sympathy commence the ~,f. __",>-1.- ..l.^...U .i.'l.._ n. ....... .
TnA....H._+..-" "'^_ .'l.._ '_"'''-_.' ...
tJUNE 2~, i860.
. Tho 1i'eWS~Olll,J'apa.ri.
TInlov""land ;;;.u from' S;';;:~cl.;;o bring. us'tl>e intl!lligenc.
that on the lith of Mar.h, .. Prince Gotario ..... traTelling
fr<>m his country seat t<> the'l)'coon'. palace in Yeddo, he was
Jittacked by a party of his political enemi..,...hO were disguised
u traTellers, and..s....u...ted,..~ of m. guards or alt.ndsnts
. ehariug his fate. . '.' .
.The 8a~e arrival. brings ~ the'_n~iI that on the first of Ap:ri1
seTera! oftho.. complicated'in this plot BUffered tbe penalty of
th* crin1e, ,ome of them being' aliowedth. privilege of hari.kari,
or happy ~tch. .Inoth"" ...ords,.th.ey ...erepermitted to com.
:mj~ suicide. . '!'his 'absolved themfrom.tl>eJ.o.. of their estates,
-'and relieved their timiilies from- the odiui:i\ of an execution.
We know so Iillleofthe politi.. of this singular people, that
it ;.'idle t<> w"w any inference from this eTent. It seems, ho....
'OTeI:,'~relo/ certain, that tbe murdered Prim. Minist"" ..... in
.f!>.xor OJ; a h1i~.policy, sino., had he opposed the emb...yt<>
1JPa cOun.try, be would not have remained in power. It u aJao
equally prob.ble that the party to ...hich he belonged retain.
the &lCeD.den.oy still, sinoe, had the ~vers of the: oblGlete ideal
beenluccessful, the as..!IIina would not havebee,n punished,
as,they., evidently have . been.. The rumor ,ill, that...lome of the
high princes were conccmed in ~he attempted revoluti_?~.
What effect this'cataitropb. msy have upon the Embessy now
in N~York. is, ofcourae, imposaible.to predict. It is notim-
posaible they may be kept in ignorance. of the whole affair for
IOme time to come." .
City Railroad ImpoaitiOIllJ.
i" is a peculiarity of the spirit of reform and improTement in .u
Ameri.... cities, and particularly in . N ... York, thst it adnnc.s
not in a steAdy and elIicient COUl'8e, but by conTUhions. A great
.bUBe is frequently pointed out t<> tho public; the pres. balters
andstomu awayj .f1'rerY body predicta amarvelloWl amendment
and astounding re,sultl; there it a 'nine day.' riot and we are on
the highroad t<> improTement. lIut the old .tager. wink and
'say, II Wait till the nine day. are OTe.r !".. Perha.ps, the atorm
really becomes 80 aerious as to compel those iIitereated to take
effi.eient meam.rel. This haa taken place more than . once. But
it ;. melancholy t<> relIect tl>.t, in a Chrimon country lljld in the
nineteenth centuIy, it.ehoilld .be neceosary to employ sucb pow.
mful and convulsive means of reform, to simply eEect what the
law of the .1And should quietly cs.rry out. In most C&aeI,
however, the ltOrm. of excitement. does no goo~ and when the
nine dilys 8l'e: om, the whole matter sleep. neglected. It it,
puhap.. almost nOedleoe t<> say t<> the relIecting reader, that of
.u methods of effectinganytbing, the conTUhiTe ;. perhap. the
moat inefficient.
We were tte.tad a few months ago to one of these convulsive
eft'orta toretorm one of the grollest abuses and impolitionJ on
the patience and pocketl of _o:ur citizen., in .the form of an attack
on the miserable md dishonest'moneg"",ent of the city pas.enger
roUroads. The managen lIlld. OWIlers of. tl>... roado were t<>ld
plainlyenougb and truly eno!!gh by more than one .otemporary,
.that if tl>e - ...ere reUnq1lished to them, and if they were to
have the privilege ofrunning vehicles and of carrying peopl., com.
mondecenayrequil'ed thatthey.bould ~methhig like m equi. .
valent and tha.t their rates of carriage ehailld not be so impudently
exorbitant-as they 80 long liave been. They were told what
everybody kno...... that they have no. blIlin... t<> admit .tanding
pa,asengersj that their.trapsand roth__.for "upright riden'"
were -disgroce t<> them,and that if they had such a run of custom
sa to' :render these contrivance. useful, they can afford to put on
extra..... Th. experienCe of Philadelphia in this matter has
abundantly test~.the.taCt; that there;' not the sligbtest use in
erowding car., --..hi1e .. regudo prices, it has been ""'pIT demon.
.trated,..tllat three cento per paseenger is quite enough for ouy
~.e.t<> pay for a rid...of tl>e' aTenge length. We refer with
~pleuure,.t!JJ regards inveatigation ofthia l&tter point, to the valu..
'.hIe'iI\fOl'lI1ation collected ""d publisb.d by the N.... York
Timu~ . ..
.No~, Only mould every paB8eng~ in a ~ haTe & seat, but that
...t.should be separated'. bY' iuins. or otheiwise marked "if and
. dellned. There. ;. at pl'ellent alt<>geth"".t<>o much irregularity, too
'm:uchdepen~~.oJ),themutua1 courteaiQ.s ofpp.ssengers, and too
much tre&tmen.~ ofP~gerI~genel'!ll as if they were mere freight.
With the exception of,the.very,lII1Ulllminority ofcourteou. mol.
well..bred ladies, WODlen in New York C~lJ : turn gentlemen out
of.their .ea.. without. ceremony and, generally without thank.,
No la~y will enter.a car..~hich Ihe ~Iee. i.s full, knowing, aa
meJJl'uat, that after a due -amountofiham- ceremony and sham.
deolining eh....Uhnd by..turning 8Ome~odT out ofa psid.forseat.
;But, . as w. haTe slrea<l.TintU,jatl!d, ,th... points of courte.y mol.
relinement .are but little ).'lolted, t<>. The b..t way ...ould be to
abo"liIh.the 1t&n(liJlg"UP...,..tem~.a1.together. It ill an impoliti_o.n
and a nuiJance._ deserving /~he_~tr0lige8t reprehension. Those
who haTe ~ burly:strap.;holding.vagal>onda in a crowded car,
&qu...zing th~el;'.. og&inst ladi.. sitting down, will, perbap.,
comprehend on. :!cery decided objeCtion ogabut the .tuIling and
cramming iYltem of paoking oity,passenger cars.
Finally, we'would'like to a.skifth~.can be any re&8on&bleob-
jection urged ogabut",oreelliclent'mesn.beingtaken to preserve
order and decen.y in the city pasoenger cars t C.... very fre.
qu.ently o_ccu:rln which polic_e intederence il necessary, and when
it cannot be obtained. If the ..:.conducto;r&_. of cars were clothed
with the aU,thQrity, and-power of Ipecial constables, tb.e.e evils of
disorder woilld. he.very promptly remedied. Ii tl>e propoBition
.be open to objection, we al;1all only. be too happy to see it fully
and fairly debated. Mea;nwhile, we would mggest to our read..
er. in the many-townt and cities of the interior where city pu-
senger roilri>edo. ore now being ropidly established, that they
ehould take warning by 'older .xampl.. and rigidly bind and
limit the companies who get pOlseslion Of their streets, .0 that
~he comfort of the 1>ublic be consUlted B.I1 w~l1 II...t'h.. ....,.,...1.-<>+" _4'
"1
,
The Slaves on Higgs Beach, Key West
Gail Swanson
277 Peachtree St., Marathon, 33050, e-mail: GaiISw2000@cs.com. phone 743-5448
Prepared for the Florida Keys Maritime History Conference
Key West - May, 2000
Source Material on the 1860 Slave Ships and the Africans' Stay at Key West
Source Material on the African Burial Ground at Higgs Beach, Key West
Source Material on the Surviving Africans Returned to Africa
Source Material on the 1860 Slave Ships and the Africans' Stay at Key West:
!
Books & Articles (These are the only histories written of the Africans at Key West)
1. Jefferson B. Browne, "Key West the Old and the New" (1912) Browne wrote less than a page on the
Africans, and errored in writing that only two slaves ships were brought in. Three were. It is interesting that he
writes of "children". He also wrote that "the percentage of sick among them was enormous. Nearly all were
suffering with ophthalmia, while many were totally blind." He describes the first burial, of an infant, and the
African ceremony of it, "...their native ceremony. Weird chants were sung, mingled with loud wails of grief and
mournful moanings from a hundred throats, until the coffin was lowered into the grave, when at once the chanting
stopped and perfect silence reigned, and the Africans marched back to the barracoon without a sound" He wrote
that the citizens of Key West "visited them daily, carrying clothing, food and other things for their comfort and
pleasure." Attending to the sick, he wrote, were Drs. Whitehurst, Skrine and Weedon.
2. A W. Diddle, "Medical Events in the History of Key West, II. The African Depot", article in "The
Journal of the Florida Medical Association, Nov., 1944. This is a good article but Diddle used only a few sources
(one of them, the papers of the Bruce family, later described in this paper) and wrongly stated that the Africans
were being shipped into the United States as slaves. They were being shipped to Cuba. He concludes the cause of
illness amongst the Africans was typhoid fever and dysentery. (Article provided to me by Dr. William M. Straight)
Ships Logs
1.Log ofU.S.S. Mohawk, Capt. T. Augustus Craven, April 25 - May 15, 1860
Relating the capture of the slave ship Wildfire, stopping at Indian Key for a pilot, and "commenced
landing the slaves from the barque" at Key West on May 4th.
2.Log ofU.S.S. Wyandott, Lt. Fabius Stanley, May 5 - 27, 1860
Relating the capture of the slave ship William On May 9th. "Boarded a bark showing American colors. She
proved to be a slaver with some 540 slaves on board" and bringing the ship to Key West.
3.Log ofU.S.S. Crusader. Lt. John N. Maffit, May 21 - June 11, 1860
Relating the capture of the slave ship Bogota (530 slaves aboard) on May 23 and arrival at Key West on the 26th.
On May 28th, "Sent two boats to prize to land the women & children. The Capt. & crew of slaver were acquitted"
by the court at Key West.
Note: I find vast differences in the number of slaves on board the ships when captured and the number
delivered to the marshal at Key West. I contribute the difference to deaths before even reaching Key West.
Newspaper Articles
I. The Boston Post, May 15, 1860. Article paraphrases letters from Key West that gave an account
(apparently by crewmembers ofU.S.S. Mohawk) of the capture of the Wildfire. The Mohawk sighted a vessel
heading for the land, and made chase... the chase "was requested to show her colors, in response to which the
American flag was hoisted. As the Mohawk ranged alongside, men were observed at work in the rigging, others
about the decks...while the captain and his officers coolly leaned upon the rail observing the steamer's movements.
She did not look the slaver, but from force of habit, with a spice of curiosity, Capt. Craven ordered Lieut. Carpenter
to board As the boat approached the vessel, it was observed no rope was thrown out, and it was evident the visit
was not agreeable. The lieutenant, unassisted, boarded the vessel, and was no sooner on her bulwarks than he
waved his sword, and the men in the boat raised a shout, a signal that she was a slaver and a prize. The moment
that the slaves, who had just been driven below, caught sight of the officer's uniform, (the hatches were covered
with gratings only,) they sang and clapped their hands with joy. They instinctively knew that their deliverers were
at hand." On the voyage to Africa, "The Wildfire, a handsome clipper..built in Philadelphia in I 855".sailed from
New York on the 16th December, 1859, with an American crew."she made a good run to St. Thomas [Caribbean],
where she remained eight days, and then sailed for the Congo river. She took on board 608 slaves the night of
March 21...when they left the [African] coast the American captain and crew were superseded by a Spanish captain
and crew, the former then acting as passengers. This cargo consists of children and young men and women, the
majority being from twelve to sixteen years of age." Note: When captured she had 520 slaves aboard, therefore 88
had died on the voyage.
The Boston Post article continues, "The [Spanish] Captain was at first particularly cool. He laughed at
the capture.. but when he saw preparations on the steamer for their confinement he become somewhat alarmed, and
offered one of the officers $ 100,000 if he would cause him to be safely ashore..,he went to Capt Craven and begged
that he might be landed on one of the Keys.. .his frenzy knew no bounds, and he declared he would jump
overboard... the prisoners were placed in irons.. .Every man and officers were armed with pistol and cutlass.. The
Spanish captain, finding he could no longer deceive himself that he was in danger of punishment, tried every
means to avert it; he offered one of the officers $ 200,000 to be allowed to go free with his cargo."
2.New York Times, July 12, 1860. List ofvessels captured on the coast of Africa and slavers captured on
the coast of Cuba, including the Wildfire, William, and Bogota, "sent to Key West".
3.Key of the Gulf (Key West), May 23, 1860 (as quoted in "The Life and Services of John Newland
Maffitt", Emma Martin Maffitt [His Widow], New York., 1906). Describes the buildings erected for the slaves,
their bathing in the ocean, and meals.
4. New Orleans Daily Times Picayune, May 23, 1860 (as quoted in the above Maffitt book). Includes the
infonnation, "The courtesy and commiseration manifested by Capt. Maffitt and the officers of the Crusader toward
the captured Africans [of the Bogota] were the theme of particular commendation at Key West and Havana.".
Article includes an account of the capture written by a crewmember, "Engineers (at Key West) suggested that the
Crusader go home at once for repairs, but Capt. Maffitt was determined that if anything could be done for even
temporary duty the Crusader should not leave her station." Upon capturing the slaver there was this conversation
recorded: "Lieutenant Duncan boarded him, asked for his papers and under what flag he sailed. 'I have no papers,
no flag, no name.' 'Then, sir, I am ordered to capture you.' 'I expect it, sir, the risk was run for money and here it
ends - in failure.' At this moment the negores rushed on deck in hundreds; the boarding crew cheered, and from
the anxious decks of the Crusader, the cheer was answered back most heartily....The negroes manifested the most
frenzied delight, cheered, yelled, and clapped their hands.." Astonishingly, this article gives where the slaves were
loaded in Africa, "The negroes... were purchased from the King of Dahomey at 'Wydah'. "
5. New York Times, August 8, 1860. From Key West: "The last of the African slaves were sent on board
the ship Star of the Union" on July 19th. "for Sinoe, Africa". On the Cubans who were to have owned the slaves,
"Some half a dozen persons from Cuba and elsewhere [arrived at Key West] who looked and talked gravely upon
'the law' ... Most of the legal luminaries being absent. I have not been able to learn how far their views have been
supported by local opiniins; but, as to a coup de main, we have no doubt that the polished steel bayonets of the
guard awoke some wholesome regards for their personal safety, and these scions of chivalry thought it prudent to
return unscathed, than carry thrir wounds in the rear." The author continues, "The solitude of the tracldess ocean,
or untrodden prints of our broad domain, are not more complete than the late residence of these negroes. The
buildings stand, but the loud and dimming sound of voices - the chanting and singing and dancing. and even the
fierce expressions of anger are all gone - the weary sentinel - the challenge, relief guards - the smoke - giving note
of busy preparations of food -the com mill, and even the stocks are all deserted, and silence reigns throughout. "
Official Documents
1. Message of the President of the United States, relative to the capture of the slaver Wildfire, on the Coast
of Cuba, by Lieutenant Craven, of the United States Steamer Mohawk. May 19, 1860, Executive Document No. 44.
On the expense of the care at Key West of the slaves and requests Congress to guide an agreement with the
Colonization Society for their care and return to Africa. "It is truly lamentable that Great Britain and the United
States should be obliged to expend such a vast amount of blood and treasure for the suppression of the African
slave trade, and this when the only portions of the civilized world where it is tolerated and encourage are the
Spanish islands of Cuba and Porto Rico. (Signed) James Buchanan" Includes letter from U. S. Marshal Fernando
1. Moreno dated May 10, 1860 at Key West. (Provided to me by Jim Clupper of Islamorada) This message was
also printed in The Congressional Globe, May 22, 1860, and is followed by a brief message by Florida Senator
from Key West Stephen R Mallory, who declared that all expedition was needed to return the Africans because of
the expense of maintaining them. Later joining the Confederacy as a high-ranking officer, Mallory said in his
1860 speech. "Of course, humanity would dictate that they should be retained there [in Florida], and treated as
other servants there are." Mallory obviously wanted the Africans to be slaves in America. the people that were
almost slaves in Cuba but for the diligence of anti-slavery forces.
2. In the same Congressional Globe under the same date as above a second. urgent message from the
President was printed, with the information that a letter from the Secretary of the Interior had been received the
day before, forwarding one of Marshal Fernando J. Moreno's letter, that a second slave ship, the William, had
arrived in Key West on the 12th. "[It] will make the number in his custody about 1,000. More may be daily
expected at Key West, which, both on account of a deficiency of water and provisions, and its exposure to the
yellow fever, is one of the worst spots for an African negro depot which could be found on the coast of the United
States. [Signed] James Buchanan. " Moreno's letter is probably printed in the official Executive
Document No. 83, 1st session 36th Congress, House of Representationves, 1860, entitled, "Capture of the Slaver
William." A copy of that has not yet been obtained.
3. "Report of Secretary of the Interior. Executive Document ofU. S. Senate, 1861." is a reference in A
W. Diddle's 1944 article. A copy has not yet been obtained.
4. Message from the President to the Two Houses of Congress; Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1860.
Lists slavers captured off Africa and Cuba including Wildfire, William. and Bogota, "sent into Key West". "The
whole number of vessels captured during the past year is 12; the whole number of Africans rescued in 3, 119. "All
headed for Cuba, apparently, "the only mart in the world open to this trade." (Provided to me by Ray Blazevic of
Key West)
5. Court Cases on microfilm at Key West (summary provided to me by John Viele of Cudjoe Key; I
have not yet reviewed them) of:
Bark Wild Fire & Cargo, May 5, 1860, Seizure for engaging in slave trade. Judged to be owned
by a U. S.,citizen and to be condemned & sold, p 496
Bark William & Cargo, May 17, 1860, Seizure for eagaging in slave trade. Judged to be
property ofU. S. Citizen and to be condemned & sold. p. 502
Bark Name Unknown (the Bogota), May 28, 1860, Seizure for carrying slaves, to be condemned
& sold, p. 508
Letters
1. Capt. John Newland Maffitt to his daughter Florie, May 9, 1860 at Key West (quoted in the Maffitt
book). "I am in very great haste, having considerable trouble with our engine, which broke down some days ago.
It is doubtful if we [can] repair it. Capt. Craven has caught a slaver with 514 negroes on board. I would have had
one but broke down... "
2. Lt. T. Augustus Craven [Capt. ofU.S.S. Mohawk to Toucey, June 8, 1860, House Executive Document
7,36-2, p. 619. This letter was written just :weeks after he had captured the Wildfire, and surely refers to it. A
portion of the letter is printed in Warren S. Howard, American Slavers and the Federal Law 1837 - 1862 (1963),
"The negroes are packed below in as dense a mass as it is possible for human beings to be crowded; the
space allotted them being in general about four feet high between decks, there, of course, can be but little ,<
ventilation given. These unfortunate creatures are obliged to attend to the calls of nature in this place - tubs being
provided for the purpose - and here they pass their days, their nights, amidst the most horribly offensive odors of
which the mind can conceive, and this under the scorching heat of the tropical sun, without room enough for sleep;
with scarcely space to die in; with daily allowance of food and water barely sufficient to keep them alive. The
passage [to the West Indies] varies from forty to sixty days, and when it has much exceeded the shorter time diseas
has appeared in its most appalling forms, the provisions and water are nearly exhausted, and their sufferings are.
incredible. "
Broce Family Papers
Decendants of U. S. Marshal at Key West Fernando 1. Moreno, Key West's Broce family, have, among
other papers relating to the slaves' stay at Key West, the following, provided to me via Corey Malcom by Benjamin
"Dink" Broce of Key West :
1. Extract from the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to the President, 1860
2. Receipt for payment by F. 1. Moreno for "professional attendance on recaptured Africans...April30th to
July 18th. 1860" signed by Dr. T. C. Skrine at Key West
3. Receipt of payment by Moreno to George D. Allen, Druggist, including a partial but lengthy list of
drugs supplied for care of the Africans.
4. Receipt for payment to carpenters and laborers (to construct the buildings for the Africans), including
24 slave laborers, some of them owned by Dr. Whitehurst and F. 1. Moreno!
5. Abstract of contingent expenses incurred, including a baker and "hire of a horse" in caring for the
Africans signed by Moreno.
6. Typewritten copy of 1877 petition of Fernando 1. Moreno to Congress for proper payment of his
services to the Africans in 1860, including affidavits by others; William Watson of Key West, "employed.[as]
watchman, over the Africans, to prevent any interference with or wrong to them, and I was therefore daily brought
more or less in contact with them, and his [Fernando 1. Moreno's) custody and care of them was in all respects
efficient, just and humane." In the petition, "Your petitioner erected suitable barracks and quarters, established
proper police and sanitary regulations, and provided in all respects for their welfare and safety, giving them his
daily attention for the period of eighty days, and finally, unders orders of the Government, sent them to Africa,
where they safely arrived For this service your petitioner has received no compensation whatever..." and, "the
officers and men [of the Navy ships) received a bounty of twenty-five dollars per capita [for capturing the slave
ships). "
7. Letter by Moreno dated at PenSacola [where he eventually moved to for his health) December 23, 1895,
addressed to Honorable Stephen Sparkman in Washington, on his claim for payment and the history of it.
8. Letter to Moreno from a member of the Committee on Claims, T. Pasco (?), U.S. Senate.
Source Material on the African Burial Ground at Higgs Beach, Key West
1. Copy of receipt dated at Key West September 11th, 1860, "For making coffins and burying 294 ,;
deceased African Negroes from the cargoes of the Barks Wildfire, William & Name Unknown by order ofF. J.
Moreno, U. S. Marshal at $ 5.50 each...$ 1,617.00 (signed) Daniel Davis" From files donated by Love Dean to the
Islamorada library.
2. Paragraph in Jefferson B. Browne's book, "Key West The Old and The New" (1912), "The
disinterment of human bones on the southeast side of the island, where excavations were being made for public
improvements [Martello Tower - G.S.] a few years ago, gave rise to the impression that a public burying ground
had once been located in that vicinity. [Commodore Porter's burial ground, washed away by the 1846 hurricane -
G.S.] These remains, however, were those of the Africans who were brought to Key West in two captured slavers
in 1860; a number of these died. here, and were buried some distance from the barracoon, at the place where the
bones were found. "
3. Map found by John Viele of Cudjoe Key in Washington, entitled "Topographical Map of the Island of
Key West, Compiled. and drawn under the direction of Capt. E. B. Hunt, Corps of Engineers, by James C. Clapp
Draughtsman, Ft. Taylor, September, 1861." notes, at where Higgs Beach is now, "African Cemetery".
Source Material on the Surviving Africans Returned to Africa
The Africans were not returned to their homes, as those places were the vicinity of Whyda (Bight of
Benin) and the Congo River. They were returned to Africa, though, to the nation of Liberia, a country founded for
ex-slaves. Liberia was a long way away from their homes; the Liberians spoke English and had a very foreign
" American" culture.
1. William C. Burke letter to the Rev. Ralph R. Gurley, dated at Clay Ashland [Liberia], August 31st,
1860 (excerpt),
"The ship Lake shore has just arrived from the United States with recaptives. She had not anchord before
I left [for Monrovia], therefor I could not learn any thing particular in regard to her."
2. Henry B. Stewart letter to Rev. Ralph R. Gurley, dated Greenville, Sinoe Co. [Liberia], March 16, 1861
(excerpt). The writer, Stewart, was once a Georgia slave and became a preacher in Liberia.
"I Desired to inform you of what Disposision were made of the Recaptive africans that were Keep So Long
on hand in this County, which has been the Cause of So much unesiness, and I may say of Strife and Contention.
On [March] 11 or 12 the Commissioners...Commence apprenticing these people out. A few of the older ones will
be Sent to the falls the present week, how many I am not prepared to Say. The whole number turned over to the
General Superintendent by your Society agent [was] 296. It is thought that there are not that number now, as Some
have been Shot and others got Drowned in makein[g] their Escape. Whatever may be Said of these People of being
Lawless or Rebellious I have not Seen it. I have visited them from the Day of their Landing to the present. Many
of them have been Regular attendance on Divine worship to my Church and Sabbath School Ever Since and are as
yet a more orderly Set of people in time of Service I have never witnessed, which has been the occasion of frequent
Remarks, that Such Raw heathens Could Remain for an hour and [a] half So becoming in the house of God. The
uneasiness, Sir, I alluded to, are to be attributed to the Disagreement of the Citizens, and not the Recaptives. They
are heathen. They were told Shortly after Landing that they were to be taken in a body to the falls. Their was no
Dissatisfaction with them in that arrangement. When this Change was made and they were informed that they
were to be sepperated, they immediately question the Sincerity of our motive in Doing them Good. All who were
attall acquainted with the manners and Customs of the natives Knows that they will Strenously hold you to your
word, whilst they think: it is nothing for them to Cheat, Steal, or tell a Lie."
Both letters are printed in Slaves No More, Letters from Liberia. The first is a very educated guess that it
is referring to the Key West people, as they were the only "recaptive Africans" off the U.S. coast that year. Also,
August 31st fits with the removal of all the people from Key West by July 18th. :
The second letter has an endnote by the book's author, as follows:
"The 44th annual report of the American Colonization Society contained a section on "Recaptured
Africans" showing that 343 of these people had been landed in 1860 at Sinoe [County, Liberia] from the Star of
the Union (African Repository 37 [1861]: 75)....Boston University Papers on Africa (New York: Frederick R.
Praeger, 1969),4: 159, states that while the recaptured Africans were permitted to become citizens of Liberia,
"they found themselves in a distinctly inferior social position." [W. W. Schmokel in "Notes on Settlers and Tribes:
The Origins of the Liberian Delemma," Western African History] also states that the system of apprenticeship
amount to "something very much like temporary slavery." .
The last New York Times article states the last of the slaves were removed from Key West by the above
ship Star of the Union, bound for "Sinoe"
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THE IQEYS
KEYS HOME DELIVER'
Miami Herald - February 22, 1998