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Item M5C ounty of M onroe {f `° " rel BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS n Mayor David Rice, District 4 The FlOnda Key y m 1 �� Mayor Pro Tem Sylvia J. Murphy, District 5 Danny L. Kolhage, District 1 George Neugent, District 2 Heather Carruthers, District 3 County Commission Meeting June 20, 2018 Agenda Item Number: M.5 Agenda Item Summary #4353 BULK ITEM: No DEPARTMENT: BOCC District 2 TIME APPROXIMATE: STAFF CONTACT: Terri Colonna (305) 292 -4512 na AGENDA ITEM WORDING: Approval of a resolution in support of federal legislation HR 5996, the Coral Reef Conservation Reauthorization Act, to strengthen the federal role in coral reef protection and enhance federal funding and resources. ITEM BACKGROUND: The Florida Reef Tract is currently facing an unprecedented disease outbreak. At the federal level, there have been limited resources to address this disease outbreak and the overall health of coral reefs. Congress passed the Coral Reef Conservation Act in 2000, which authorized appropriations to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for coral reef protection and management activities through 2004 and, among other activities, authorized the Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) to provide matching grants to states, territories, educational and non - governmental institutions, and fishery management councils for coral reef conservation projects. While the authorization for the overall program expired in 2004, Congress has continued to fund the CRCP through the annual appropriations process. Funding for coral reel programs has remained stable over the past few years, with the program receiving $26 million for the past several fiscal years, however it has not had the authorization or resources to help address the disease outbreak in Florida. The bill was introduced by Congresswoman Madeleine Bordallo (D -Guam) during Capitol Hill Ocean Week and to date, co- sponsors of the bill include: Reps. Soto (D -FL), Wasserman Schultz (D- FL), Hastings (D -FL), Crist (D -FL), Castor (D -FL), Rutherford (R -FL), Hanabusa (D -HI), Gabbard (D -HI), Radewagen (R -AS), and Gonzalez -Collin (R -PR). A summary of the bill is also attached. Specifically, the legislation: • Reauthorizes and amends the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 to improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) coral reef program. Strengthens the federal response to coral reef emergencies and allowing NOAA to disburse grant funding on an expedited or emergency basis • Expands federal grant making for local coral reef projects, community -based coral reef conservation planning, and scientific research on coral reef biodiversity, genetics, prorogation, and resiliency. • Provides Congressional authorization for the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, which includes relevant federal agencies, the states of Florida and Hawaii, and 5 U.S. territories (GU, CNMI, PR, AS, and USVI). • Establishes a new Coral Reef Conservation Fund within the U.S. Treasury supported by offshore royalty revenue to provide dedicated funding for coral reef projects, at no expense to taxpayers. • Minimizes damage to coral reefs from vessel groundings, anchors, boat moorings, ship strikes, and abandoned vessels by directing NOAA and other federal agencies to identify practicable steps to reduce vessel impacts and accidents that harm coral reefs. • Protects at -risk coral reefs nationwide by directing NOAA to maintain an inventory of coral reefs most at risk from bleaching, disease /invasive species outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, and coastal pollution. • Provides dedicated funding for coral reef conservation at no cost to taxpayers by requiring that all fines, penalties, and amounts recovered from damages to federally protected coral reefs to support conservation. • Authorizes the U.S. Department of the Interior to conserve coral reefs in near -shore federal waters and U.S. territories (Office of Insular Affairs), including the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies program. • Promotes coral reef conservation in national parks, national wildlife refuges, or marine national monuments. • Sets national standards for artificial reef projects, including environmental responsibility, proper decommissioning of reef structures, and long -term stewardship. • Supports coral reef fisheries and prohibits the import, shipment, or sale of live lionfish, which are highly invasive in Atlantic and Caribbean coral reef ecosystems. The bill has received endorsements from: American Sportfishing Association, Oceana, National Parks Conservation Association, Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), and National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI). In Florida specifically, they have received endorsements from the Martin County Board of County Commissioners, South Florida Regional Planning Council, Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council, and the Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation. PREVIOUS RELEVANT BOCC ACTION: CONTRACT /AGREEMENT CHANGES: NA STAFF RECOMMENDATION: DOCUMENTATION: STAMPED Resolution in support of HR 5996 The Coral Reef Conservation Reauthorization Act 6 12 18 HR5996 Coral Reef Bill Summary FINANCIAL IMPACT: Effective Date: Expiration Date: Total Dollar Value of Contract: Total Cost to County: Current Year Portion: Budgeted: Source of Funds: CPI: Indirect Costs: Estimated Ongoing Costs Not Included in above dollar amounts: Revenue Producing: Grant: County Match: Insurance Required: Additional Details: If yes, amount: REVIEWED BY: Kathy Peters Completed 06/12/2018 11:31 AM Board of County Commissioners Pending 06/20/2018 9:00 AM WHEREAS, from tourism to marine recreation and sport fishing, coral reefs are an important part of the State of Florida's ocean economy and play a central role in the economics of Southeast Florida's communities. NOAA suggests that coral reefs in southeast Florida have an asset value of $8.5 billion, generating $4.4 billion in local sales, $2 billion in local income, and 70,400 full and part-time jobs; and WHEREAS, coral reefs are a significant habitat for fisheries. In the United States, about half of all federally managed fisheries depend on coral reefs. NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service estimates the annual commercial value of U.S. fisheries from coral reefs to be over $100 million. Reef-based recreational fisheries generate over $ 100 million annually in the United States; and WHEREAS, the Florida Reef Tract, nearly 150-miles long and 4-miles wide and stretching from the Dry Tortugas in Monroe County to Martin County, is the world's third-largest barrier reef and the only living coral reef in the continental United States; and WHEREAS, the Florida Keys portion of the Florida Reef Tract is recognized and protected by management plans of the National Marine Sanctuary, National Parks, and National Wildlife Refuges; and WHEREAS, the Southeast Florida Coral Reef Tract comprising the northern portion, extending from Miami-Dade to Martin Counties, remains unprotected and without a State-adopted management plan addressing its future sustainability; and WHEREAS, coral reefs are vulnerable to harmful environmental changes, particularly those resulting from human activities. Coral cover on many Caribbean reefs has declined up to 80 percent over the past three decades. Southeast Florida's reefs, which are a part of the greater Caribbean/ Western Atlantic reef province, are being monitored for diseases, bleaching, and other problems associated with human activities. Monitoring data from the Florida Keys revealed a 44 percent decline in coral cover from 1996- 2005; and WHEREAS, massive, region-wide bleaching events have become more common on the Florida Reef Tract. Since 1987, six extensive coral bleaching events have affected the entire tract. Substantial mass coral mortality occurred during the global bleaching events of 1997-1998 and 2014-2016; and WHEREAS, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Coral Reef Conservation Program confirmed a significant disease event, occurring from 2014 to present, that has spread quickly and far. In the fall of 2014, isolated sites with significant coral disease were reported near Key Biscayne in Miami-Dade County and by fall 2015, widespread disease was confirmed across approximately 55 linear miles of reef, including locations as far north as Pompano Beach in Broward County and as far south as Biscayne National Park. Disease continued to spread north and south into the Florida Keys throughout 2016, and by summer of 2017 reports of widespread disease were confirmed as far north as St. Lucie Inlet in Martin County and to the southern boundary of the Upper Keys; and Page 1 1 WHEREAS, at the December 12, 2017 meeting of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Advisory Committee, it was reported that the Florida Reef Tract coral disease has reached the reefs off of Long Key; and WHEREAS, Florida Reef Tract disease outbreaks are not unprecedented, this current disease event is unique due to its scale, high infection rate, and rapid spread; the number of coral species affected across such a large portion of the Florida Reef Tract, estimated to have resulted in the mortality of millions of corals; and WHEREAS, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that diseases and diminishing health condition among corals throughout the Florida Reef Tract have dramatically increased; and WHEREAS, at the federal level there have been limited resources to address this disease outbreak and the overall health of coral reefs. Congress passed the Coral Reef Conservation Act in 2000, which authorized appropriations to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for coral reef protection and management activities through 2004 and, among other activities, authorized the Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) to provide matching grants to states, territories, educational and non- governmental institutions, and fishery management councils for coral reef conservation projects. Authorization for the overall program expired in 2004 but Congress has continued to fund the CRCP through the annual appropriations process; and WHEREAS, although funding for coral reef programs has remained stable, with the program receiving $26 million for the past several fiscal years, it has not had the authorization or resources to help address the disease outbreak in Florida; and WHEREAS, the proposed legislation includes the following: • Reauthorizes and amends the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 to improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) coral reef program. • Strengthens the federal response to coral reef emergencies and allowing NOAA to disburse grant funding on an expedited or emergency basis • Expands federal grant making for local coral reef projects, community-based coral reef conservation planning, and scientific research on coral reef biodiversity, genetics, prorogation and resiliency. • Provides Congressional authorization for the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, which includes relevant federal agencies, the states of Florida and Hawaii, and 5 U.S. territories (GU, CNMI, PR, AS, and USVI). • Establishes a new Coral Reef Conservation Fund within the U.S. Treasury supported by offshore royalty revenue to provide dedicated funding for coral reef projects, at no expense to taxpayers. • Minimizes damage to coral reefs from vessel groundings, anchors, boat moorings, ship strikes, and abandoned vessels by directing NOAA and other federal agencies to identify practicable steps to reduce vessel impacts and accidents that harm coral reefs. • Protects at-risk coral reefs nationwide by directing NOAA to maintain an inventory of coral reefs most at risk from bleaching, disease/invasive species outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, and coastal pollution. • Provides dedicated funding for coral reef conservation at no cost to taxpayers by requiring that all fines, penalties, and amounts recovered from damages to federally protected coral reefs to support conservation; and Page 12 WHEREAS, support for H.R. 5996 is consistent with Monroe County's long history of championing protections for the Florida Reef Tract; and NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF MONROE COUNTY, FLORIDA: Section 1. Endorses and supports HR 5996 reauthorizing and amending Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 to improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) coral reef program. Section 2. Directs the Clerk to transmit a certified copy of this resolution to Members of the Monroe County federal delegation: Senator Bill Nelson, Senator Marco Rubio and Representative Carlos Curbelo. Section 3. This resolution shall become effective upon adoption. PASSED AND ADOPTED by the Board of County Commissioners of Monroe County, Florida at a regular meeting held on the 20' day of June, 2018. Mayor David Rice Mayor Pro Tern Sylvia Murphy Commissioner Danny Kolhage Commissioner George Neugent r- i m i I �Tqffv& r Z 6A I I ig 0 1 1 Lei No Lwn -a NW11111a 1AN a K91 "4117.1 lv� o n LE (SEAL) Page 13 � Ok ;� �`� " 5 .. �X `�mx' � den „�(( �` am P htnv} i Y;awn, Q`» rv Q`» f' �� �`�iam r 'tit r « +Y �.i ON ts CORAL REEF CONSERVATION REAUTHORIZATION ACT ORIGINAL COSPONSORS (13): Reps. Darren Soto (D -FL), Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D -FL), Alcee L. Hastings (D -FL), Charlie Crist (D -FL), Kathy Castor (D -FL), Colleen Hanabusa (D -HI), Tulsi Gabbard (D -HI), Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen (R -AS), Jenniffer Gonzalez -Colon (R- PR), John Rutherford (R -FL), Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan (D -NMI), Stacey E. Plaskett (D- USVI), Brian J. Mast (R -FL) ENDORSEMENTS: • Oceana • American Sportfishing Association • National Marine Manufacturers Association • Association of Zoos and Aquariums • Florida Aquarium (Tampa, FL) • National Aquarium (Baltimore, MD) • Monterey Bay Aquarium (CA) • Shedd Aquarium (IL) • SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, Inc. • National Parks Conservation Association • National Wildlife Refuge Association • National Association of Marine Laboratories • The Ocean Foundation • Consortium for Ocean Leadership • National Estuarine Research Reserve Association • Surfrider Foundation • SECORE International, Inc. • All Islands Coral Reef Committee (AIC) — U.S. Coral Reef Task Force • Martin County Board of Commissioners (FL) • South Florida Regional Planning Council • Treasure Coast Regional Planning Council (FL) • Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation • Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) o Project AWARE • National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) o Green Diver Initiative — NAUI • Micronesia Conservation Trust • Reef Check Foundation • Coral Vita BILL SUMMARY: Congresswoman Bordallo's (D -GU) bipartisan H.R.5996, the Coral Reef Conservation Reauthorization Act would: • Reauthorize and amend the Coral Reef Conservation Act of 2000 ( Title II of Public Law 1 6 ®662 to improve the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's LNDAAJ coral reef program • Expand federal grant making for local coral reef projects, community -based coral reef conservation planning, and scientific research on coral reef biodiversity, genetics, prorogation, and resiliency. Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iain.artrnail.ouse . cov Page 1 of 7 • Provide Congressional authorization for the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force which includes relevant federal agencies, the states of Florida and Hawaii, and 5 U.S. territories (GU, CNMI, PR, AS, and USVI). • Strengthen the federal response to coral reef emergencies and allowing NOAA to disburse grant funding on an expedited /emergency basis. • Minimize damage to coral reefs from vessel rondins anchors, boat moorings, ship strikes, and abandoned vessels by directing NOAA and other federal agencies to identify practicable steps to reduce vessel impacts and accidents that harm coral reefs. • Protect at -risk coral reefs nationwide by directing NOAA to maintain an inventory of coral reefs most at risk from bleaching, disease /invasive species outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, and coastal pollution. • Provide dedicated funding for coral reef conservation at no cost to taxpayers by requiring that all fines, penalties, and amounts recovered from damages to federally protected coral reefs to support conservation. • Authorize the U.S. Department of the Interior to conserve coral reefs in near -shore federal waters and U.S. territories ( Office of Insular fairs including the U.S. Geological Survey's USGS} Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies program. • Promote coral reef conservation in national parks, national wildlife refuges, or marine national monuments. • Set national standards for artificial reef projects, including environmental responsibility, proper decommissioning of reef structures, and long -term stewardship. • Support coral reef fisheries and prohibits the import, shipment, or sale of live lionfish, which are hilnly invasive in Atlantic and Caribbean coral reef ecosystems SECTION -BY- SECTION Section 1: Short Bill Title & Table of Contents TITLE I — AMENDMENTS TO CORAL REEF CONSERVATION ACT OF 2000 Section 101: Revisions to purposes of Co R eef Con servation Act of 2000 • Updates the purposes of the 2000 statute to include focus on healthy, resilient coral reefs and the ecosystem services they provide Section 102: Revisions to National Coral Reef Action S trat _ y • Ensures that U.S. Coral Reef Task Force has stronger consultation role in updates to national action strategy Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iain.artrnail.ouso . ov Page 2 of 7 • Places emphasis on cooperative conservation, including with State and territorial fish and wildlife management agencies • Requires that national action strategy address conditions of coral reefs nationwide, emerging threats to corals, and adaptive management Section 103: Revisions to Coral Reef Conservation GrgnLfL22M • Directs remaining grant funds for projects that address priorities identified by NOAA and J.S. Coral Reef Task Force and emerging threats to corals • Authorizes NOAA to release grant funds early for qualified applicants responding to coral reef emergencies, imminent threats to reefs, or other time - sensitive projects • Adds biodiversity; minimizing vessel impacts; emergency response; invasive species control; reef restoration; applied research on coral resiliency, diseases, genetics, propagation, and growth; water - quality monitoring; projects for ESA - listed corals; and community -based planning as new eligible categories for federal NOAA grants Section 104: Coral Reef Public- Private Partnerships • Reauthorizes public - private partnership between NOAA and the Congressionally chartered nonprofit National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) to strengthen coral reef conservation grant opportunities, at no additional cost to taxpayers. • Promotes additional public - private partnerships for coral reef conservation. Section 105: Revisions to Emergency Assistance • Authorizes NOAA to respond to coral reef emergencies and provide emergency assistance to states, territories, or local governments, as needed • Requires government -wide response to coral reef emergencies, including natural disasters or man -made emergences • Directs NOAA to complete comprehensive damage /cost assessments for coral reef emergencies nationwide, to improve public accountability and inform restoration efforts • Specifies that NOAA is point agency for most federal coral emergencies, but also authorizes Interior Department to address coral emergencies in federal land units Section 106: Revisions to National ELqgram • Expands NOAA's national program to include additional coral reef conservation activities • Directs NOAA to maintain public inventory of vessel groundings /strikes on coral reefs to improve public accountability and inform emergency response /restoration efforts • Authorizes NOAA to establish a nationwide inventory identifying coral reefs most at risk and provide concrete recommendations or federal actions to reduce redress those risks Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iaiartrnail.ouse . cov Page 3 of 7 • Requires NOAA to make publicly available all science collected on coral reef ecosystems and provide for long -term stewardship and preservation of that data, possibly by incorporating into the Digital Coast initiative Section 107: Revisions to Report to Congress • Requires reports to Congress and the public every 5 years on implementation of the Coral Reef Conservation Act, this reauthorization bill, and other updates Section 108: Establishment of United States Coral Reef Task Force • Provides Congressional authorization for the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force • Maintains all current voting members on the Task Force, including state /territorial governors, and adds two additional federal agencies: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Department of Homeland Security • Maintains all current non - voting members on the Task Force (the 3 Freely Associated States) and adds representatives from the 4 relevant reio�al fishery ma�aere�t councils as new non - voting members • Codifies governance, duties, and federal responsibilities of the Task Force, as specified in 1993 Executive Order #13089 • Authorizes the Task Force to establish working groups with NGOs and research institutions like marine laboratories and coral reef institutes Section 109: Agreements • Authorizes NOAA to enter into long -term, cooperative agreements to carry out the Coral R eef Conserv Act and related programs • Directs NOAA to establish cooperative institutes to advance coral reef conservation and research in partnership with universities, marine laborites, and coral reef institutes in States /territories with coral reef ecosystems • Permits NOAA to formalize multi -year cooperative agreements to advance coral reef conservation and research, including with non - governmental organizations Section 110: Permits • Authorizes NOAA to issue permits for coral reef research and conservation activities in federal waters or for federally protected corals and reefs Section 111: Regulations • Authorizes NOAA to promulgate only those regulations necessary to carry out the Coral R eef Conserv Act Section 112: Use of Recovered Amounts Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iaiartrnail.ouse. coy Page 4 of 7 • Directs any fines, penalties, forfeitures, and restitution paid to the U.S. government (NOAA) for violations related to federally protected corals, coral reefs, or coral reef ecosystems to support coral reef conservation, at no expense to taxpayers Section 113: Revisions to Authorization of Appropriations • Increases authorization for NOAA's coral reef program to $27.1 million annually through fiscal year 2022; the fiscal year 2018 enacted level was $26.6 million • Increases authorization for NOAA's coral reef program for administration /overhead costs from current $1 million to $2 million • Maintains level funding authorizations at $9 million for NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Grant Program and $10 million for NOAA's National Proar. rn Section 114: Revisions to Definitions • Updates statutory definitions for "conservation," "coral," "coral reef," "coral reef component," and "coral reef ecosystem" • Adds new statutory definitions for "at -risk reef," "bona fide research," "damages," "resilience," "response costs," "restoration," " National Coral Reef Action Strategy (Section 106), and "U.S. Coral Reef Task" (Section 108) Section 115: Conforming and Clerical Amendments • Makes technical and clerical changes to reflect updates to the statute under this bill, including adding a table of contents TITLE II — DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CORAL REEF AUTHORITIES Section 201: Coral Reef Conservation and Assistance • Authorizes the U.S. Department of the Interior to conserve coral reefs in national parks, national wildlife refuges, and marine national monuments • Authorizes the Interior Department to provide technical, scientific, and financial grant assistance for near -shore coral reef conservation in proximity to federal land units and in U.S. territories and tribal land • Provides Congressional authorization for the Office of Insular Affairs Coral Reef Initiative to support conservation projects in U.S. territories and the three Freely Associated States • Requires consistency with the National Coral Reef Action Strategy (Section 102) Section 202: National Coral Reef Action Strajqqy • Requires that Secretory of the Interior be consulted on updates to the national action strate. , as co -chair of the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Section 203: USOS Coral Reef Fcosystern Studies Prograrn Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iain.artrnail.ouso. goy Page 5 of 7 • Provides Congressional authorization for the U.S. Geological Survey's UUSj Coral Reef Pcosystern Studies program to advance research, particularly watershed -based coral reef conservation science Section 204: Use of Recovered Amounts • Directs any fines, penalties, forfeitures, and restitution paid to the U.S. government (Interior Department) for violations related to federally protected corals, coral reefs, or coral reef ecosystems to support coral reef conservation, at no expense to taxpayers Section 205: Authorization of Appropriations • Authorizes $11.2 million annually for the Interior Department's coral reef conservation work (all of Title III) • Maintains level funding authorizations at $2.2 million for the Office of Insular Affairs Coral Reef Initiative and $4 million for the USGS Coral Reef Pcos stem Studies Pro rarn, consistent with the current enacted funding levels for each Section 206: Definitions • Specifies that definitions used in this title (III) have same meaning as Cara/ Reef Conservation Act of 2000 to ensure consistency • Provides definitions for "Freely Associated State" and "Insular Area" for clarity TITLE III — AMENDMENTS TO NATIONAL FISHING ENHANCEMENT ACT OF 1984 Section 301: Revisions to National Fishing ncerne t Act of • Updates outdated standards for artificial reefs, to ensure that any /all federal projects: not adversely affect fisheries or essential habitat; be consistent with the National Coral Reef Action Strategy (Section 102); not adversely affect natural coral reefs nearby; and enhance recreational diving opportunities • Directs NOAA, in consultation with the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force to establish and update national guidelines for suitable structures /materials for artificial reefs, following public notice and comment periods • Directs NOAA to revise /update periodically the National Artificial Reef Plan in consultation with the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force • Guarantees public notice /comment on any future updates to the National Artificial Reef Plan which may be incorporated into updates to the National Coral Reef Action Strategy • Authorizes NOAA and Interior to accept donations of properly decommissioned structures for artificial reef projects, at no cost to taxpayers Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iain.artrnail.ouse. goy Page 6 of 7 • Provides definition for "artificial reef' and includes all 5 U.S. territories under definition for eligible "State" • Specifies that definitions used in this title (III) have same meaning as Coral R eef Conservation Act of 2000 to ensure consistency TITLE IV — MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS Section 401: Stock Assessments under ors tee s fs e tf and Manqg • Prioritizes stock assessments for economically important coral reef fisheries, as practicable • Makes clerical amendments to the table of contents in the �tlan�aon- Cte�ens ct Sectio 402: Measures to Combat Invasive Li nfi h Adds lionfish species, highly invasive in Atlantic and Caribbean coral reef ecosystems, to the federal list of species prohibited from being imported into or transported in the United States • Exempts dead lionfish or lionfish products, which pose no invasive species risk, from the above prohibition on importation or shipment Congresswoman Madeleine Z. Bordallo POC: iaiartrnail.ouse . cov Page 7 of 7