Item L6 Appendix 4-Economic Opportunity in the Florida Keys 4-28-11
ECONOMIC TRENDS AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN
UNINCORPORATED
MONROE COUNTY
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 13, 2011 i Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Current Economic and Employment Conditions ..................................... 1
2.0 Employment Characteristics and Long Term Trends ............................ 2
3.0 Industry Analysis ............................................................................................... 9
3.1 Tourism ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.1 Tourism and Visitors ....................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Tourism and Hotels .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Effects of the Hotel Moratorium on Tourism in Unincorporated Monroe County ....
.................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Seasonal Residential Development ............................................................................ 16
3.3 Government ........................................................................................................................ 19
3.4 Business Service, Finance and Real Estate ............................................................... 19
3.5 Other Retailing ................................................................................................................... 19
3.6 Other Services ..................................................................................................................... 20
3.7 Medical and Health Services .......................................................................................... 20
3.8 Waterfront Related ........................................................................................................... 20
4.0 Vacant Land Use and Availability .............................................................. 22
5.0 Livable CommuniKeys Plans ....................................................................... 24
5.1 Livable CommuniKeys Plans – Vision and Outlook ............................................... 24
5.3 Summary of Upper Keys Key Largo LCP .................................................................. 26
5.4 Summary of Middle Keys ................................................................................................. 27
5.5 No Name and Big Pine Keys LCP ................................................................................... 27
5.7 Stock Island and Key Haven LCP ................................................................................... 27
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 13, 2011 ii Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
6.0 Working Waterfront ...................................................................................... 27
6.1 Summary and Findings of the Marine Management Working Waterfronts
Report .................................................................................................................................... 31
7.0 Monroe County Strengths and Weakness Assessment ....................... 31
8.0 Recommendations .......................................................................................... 32
8.1 Redevelopment Floor Space Bank ............................................................................... 32
8.2 Target Industry – Tourism – Ending the Moratorium on New Hotels ............. 33
8.3 Target Industry Marine Resources ........................................................................... 34
8.4 DeCouple Commercial Development from Residential Development .......... 35
8.5 Growth Industries Target List ..................................................................................... 35
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
1 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
1.0 Executive Summary
Monroe County is primarily comprised of the Florida Keys, an ecologically fragile island
based community stretching some 130 miles in an archipelago from south of Miami at
Biscayne Bay to Key West. The total land area is some nearly 1,000 square miles,
distributed among 800 +/‐ keys, excluding the Everglades National Park which is located
on the mainland. The largest of these keys include Key Largo, Islamorada, Marathon,
Tavernier, Big Pine and Key West.
Collectively, the Keys represent considerable natural and economic resources including
two national parks, world renown tourism and destination resorts, a long established
commercial and recreational fishing industry and extensive accessible coral reefs which
support a large recreational snorkeling and scuba diving industry.
Today the County faces a variety of economic constraints. These stem from national trends
in the structure of employment and local conditions which contribute to a lack of
investment. Further, a determination made at the State level has concluded growth and
development has reached its effective physical carrying capacity in the Keys. The result of
this determination is a regulatory constraint on growth which allows only a very small and
limited amount of net new residential and non‐residential construction each year. This
regulatory constraint is known as ROGO (Rate of Growth Ordinance) for residential
development and NROGO for non‐residential development. ROGO has been in place since
1992; the County adopted NROGO in 2002. The combined effect of nearly 20 years of
restrictive development regulation, increasing environmental regulation coupled with
infrastructure capacity constraints, the need for rapid emergency evacuation plans and the
national shift in employment structure and trends has slowed economic development
throughout Monroe County. To illustrate: During the 1980’s the Monroe County
employment base grew by 50%. In the two decades following, the employment base has
only increased by 10%.
From an economic structural standpoint, dynamic long term trends at the national and
global levels shift the economic structure of the local economy. Absent a highly focused
and long term effort to modify the effect of these forces, the global and national trends will
prevail. These global and national structural trends include a shift away from industrial
production in the United States and a shift toward a service and retail based economy. At
the national level some 50% of manufacturing jobs have been lost in the United States since
1960. By the same measure, service and retail positions have grown by more than 250
percent each. In Florida, which has never had the share of manufacturing and industrial
employment as found elsewhere in the nation, the structural employment shift to service
and retail has been more pronounced over this period. Thus, in the face of these forces,
employment by industry type in the Florida Keys has shifted in a more pronounced way
toward a service and retail based economy.
There are numerous other factors which contribute to economic opportunity outlook in
Monroe County. These include: the location of Monroe County with respect to access to
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
2 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
mainland United States, the lack of existing available raw materials, a lack of plentiful
quantities of potable water which affects water pressure and fire insurance ratings, the
geographic constraints associated with the physical layout of the Keys stretching as an
archipelago over 130 miles, and very low lying flood prone lands which are subject to
periodic violent and destructive hurricanes. Finally, the cost of development coupled with
the overall shortage of vacant lands hinders the ability of the local labor force to reach
levels sufficiently high to support large new industrial or commercial facilities. These
factors impact the diversity and economic development potential of Monroe County over
the long term.
Despite this, the very constraints which hinder certain kinds of economic expansion are
also what assure that the County remains special and unique, giving rise to its pre‐eminent
attractiveness for tourism and vacation homes living. The Keys are remote, and vibrant
with nature and marine environments yet accessible for weekend getaways or longer to a
large permanent population located in south Florida.
Within this context there are opportunities to expand the economic base of Monroe County
which can and should be explored. This report examines these opportunities and offers
some insight as to potentially viable economic expansion.
2.0 Employment Characteristics and Long Term Trends
Employment patterns have been examined by industry throughout Florida. Florida has
long been known as a seasonal, vacation oriented economy. Further, as it is comparatively
geographically removed the rest of the nation, manufacturing and shipping have
traditionally not been strong industries. Finally, as manufacturing employment has shrunk
throughout the nation over the long term, it has been replaced by growth in business and
personal services. These broader aspects of employment patterns influence employment
in Florida and as well, are reflective of the employment patterns in Monroe County. In
many respects, the employment profile in Monroe County is quite similar to the average
employment profile found throughout Florida in both large metropolitan areas and small
island communities.
Figure 1 compares the percent distribution of employment by major industry between
Monroe County, and large metro areas in Florida as well as small island communities in
Florida. In a geographical sense Monroe County is to Florida as Florida is to the nation –
that is, remote, comparatively tourist oriented and experiencing a shift from waterfront
marine and fishing industries to a service oriented economy. These are the broader, long
term trends which circumscribe the patterns likely to emerge in the future.
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
3 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
Figure 1 – Comparison of Monroe County Employment
By Industry Among Large Metros and Island Communities
The employment distribution pattern by type is quite similar across the State. In Figure 1,
the Metro areas include the average of employment distribution patterns in Miami‐Dade
County, Orange County, and the State of Florida as a whole. The Island Communities
examined in this instance include the combined average employment profile of Fernandina
Beach, Marco, Longboat Key, and Cedar Key. Generally speaking the employment profile in
Monroe County is quite similar both to island communities in Florida and urbanized metros
in Florida. The categories in Figure 1 include: Agriculture and Fishing; Construction;
Manufacturing/Transportation/Communications/Utilities/Wholesale Trade; Retail Trade;
Finance/Insurance/Real Estate; Service; Government.
Looking at island communities on a closer level, an examination of communities with
similar characteristics was conducted. Coastal island communities with a long cultural
history, a reliance on fishing and similar environmental and ecological constraints may be
useful or instructive analogues to examine. These areas may shed some light on the
opportunity or outlook for the Florida Keys. As indicated, the comparable communities
examined include Fernandina Beach, Marco, Longboat Key, and Cedar Key. Figure 2 shows
the employment profile comparisons among these communities.
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Econom
April 28
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Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
5 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
Table 1 – Monroe County Employment by Industry
As illustrated in Table 1, Government holds the second place in number of jobs county
wide. This includes Federal, State, and Local government jobs however it excludes active
duty military personnel stationed at installations in the Keys. Active duty military
personnel add some 1,200 persons representing the NAS Key West complex of facilities.
With the addition of the active duty personnel, government employment would still be the
second largest employment segment in the County.
Rising to third place in the number of employees in Monroe County is the Business
Services/Finance/Real Estate category. The share of employment in this category has
nearly doubled in 30 years and the number of employees has approximately tripled.
Other retailing outside of tourist oriented establishments (eating, drinking, entertainment)
had ranked third in volume of covered employment until 2010. By 2010 employment in
this category had fallen to 4th largest in Monroe County. It is unclear if the decline in “Other
Retailing” is cyclical and related to the recent recession or permanent and structural.
The Remainder of This Page Left Intentionally Left Blank
Econom
April 28
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April 28
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Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
8 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
advertising other professional services and business support. Finance and real estate are
comparatively stagnant and given the current economic conditions may not be expected to
show significant improvement in the short to medium term. Thus, business services is
identified as a sector offering substantial employment growth. Its share of employment has
doubled over time and is now the third largest employment segment in the countywide
economy.
The visitor industry is comprised of Hotel/Motel rooms, eating and drinking
establishments, and entertainment venues. This is the largest sector of the Monroe County
economy by far, accounting for at least 1/3 of all employment countywide. It is the second
fastest growing segment of the economy as well, having gained more than 5 points in share
since 1980. The visitor industry has long been the focal point of the Monroe County
economy.
“Other Services” includes automotive service, personal care, laundry, civic and religious
organizations and repair services for household and commercial equipment. Other
Services is the 3rd fastest growing employment segment countywide. This segment has
shown very consistent growth over the decades. Though the share of this segment is small
(only the 5th largest of 9 groups) the rate of growth in this segment is the fastest of any
segment in the local economy.
Medical and Health services has also grown very rapidly since 1980. Since year 2000 the
average age of all persons in Florida has increased from 39 years to 40 years and from 37
years to 38 years in Miami‐Dade. In Monroe County however, the average age of all
persons has increased from 41 years to 43 years. The Monroe County population is older
and has increased by a greater amount than the population in Miami‐Dade county and
throughout Florida. By 2030 the University of Florida projects 44% of the Monroe County
population will be age 55 and up, compared with 32% in Miami‐Dade and 38% statewide.
The older population will require more medical services supporting an opportunity for
continued increases in medical services in Monroe County.
The remainder of the major employment segments in Monroe County has shown no
increase in the share of employment. These comparatively slow growth segments include
government, industrial/warehouse, other retailing, marine industries and construction.
While most of these sectors added jobs overall from 1980‐2010, the pace of growth was
below average and so each sector lost market share overall, or in the case of construction
increased share only very marginally.
The Remainder of This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Econom
April 28
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8, 2011
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Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
10 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
3.1 Tourism
The dominant industry throughout Monroe County is tourism. It is the largest employment
sector countywide. The visitor industry has had the second fastest growth in market share
and added by far the most number of jobs of any employment sector in Monroe County
since 1980. The visitor industry includes eating and drinking establishments, hotel motel
space along with seasonal rental properties and entertainment venues such as museums,
theaters and parks. The visitor industry represents about one third of the Monroe County
economy, as measured by employment. The Keys hosted approximately 3.3 million visitors
during 2009, with some 2.2 million visiting Key West. Of those visiting Key West, 39%
were cruise ship visitors. Fully two thirds of visitor activity countywide is concentrated in
Key West (see Table 2).
While the visitor industry is large and adds substantial employment, wages are lower than
average, representing about 76% of the average wage countywide. The impact on
household earnings is perhaps less dramatic in as much as 1 in 3 visitor industry workers
holds more than one job. Also, many persons in the real estate industry sell or rent
vacation homes and the average wage among these workers is almost 90% of the average
wage. Nonetheless, the strength and attractiveness of the visitor industry in terms of jobs
and long term growth is offset to some degree by lower wages.
By measures created by the Monroe County Tourist Development Council, the visitor
industry in its entirety (including multiplier effects) is responsible for 60 percent of total
Monroe County output (sales) and half of all employment countywide.1
Thus, it is clear the Visitor industry is a critical component of the functioning of the
countywide economy. Policies must be put in place to encourage expansion of the visitor
industry, promote higher wages for visitor industry workers, and continue the strength in
employment gains.
3.1.1 Tourism and Visitors
The Monroe County visitor industry is highly concentrated in Key West. Tourist
development Council data illustrate the nature of visitor activity. Currently two thirds of
visitor activity in the keys is concentrated in Key West. As noted earlier fully one third of
all employment in Monroe County is concentrated in the visitor industry. The multiplier
effect of this activity increases the overall impact and importance of the visitor industry.
The Remainder of This Page Left Intentionally Left Blank
1 “Study of the Monroe County Tourism Workforce”, August 2006, Monroe County TDC, page 8
Econom
April 28
Table 2
3.1.2
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8, 2011
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Econom
April 28
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y of invento
ment or b)
porated key
ent over th
nity which
r hotel prop
seasonal o
d Opportunit
pective, 40 y
tures. By th
ill age into
re 7 shows
County.
Appraiser; Fishk
Figure 7
Uni
any building
tensive inve
se in a place
egarding st
wear and t
osure, salt
majority of
from a buil
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extensive r
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occupancy
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the greate
s the age o
kind & Associates,
7 Age of H
incorpora
gs standing
estment and
e like the Fl
tability and
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exposure, a
inventory o
ding age st
required to m
s older pro
ceed their u
ncorporated
renovation.
recarious p
horizon. T
become inc
tment coupl
constraints
M
12
generally a
he 20 year p
r than 40 y
of hotel ro
, Inc.
Hotel/Mot
ated Monro
today whic
d renovatio
lorida Keys
livability o
ildings and
and storm
of hotel mo
tandpoint.
maintain th
operties con
useful lives.
d hotel and
This plac
osition fro
This conditi
reasingly ev
led with a d
s means n
Monroe Count
ccepted me
planning ho
year old ca
om invento
tel Structu
oe County
ch are much
n to mainta
s which has
of built stru
structures.
damage ca
otel rooms i
This mean
hese structu
ntinue to ag
. Over the n
d motel roo
ces the hote
m the stan
ion also hig
vident over
de‐facto rest
new hotel
ty Comprehe
Keith a
Fishkin
easure of th
rizon, an ad
ategory, if n
ory in the
ures,
y
h older than
ain their use
a very cha
uctures. Th
Issues su
n render b
in the uninc
ns substant
res.
ge, 84% of
next twenty
oms will re
el industry
ndpoint of
ghlights the
r the plannin
triction on
tourists ar
nsive Plan Up
and Schnars,
nd and Associ
he useful li
dditional 30
no renovatio
unincorpor
n 40 years, o
efulness. Th
llenging cli
e climate o
ch as mold
uildings us
corporated
ial and ong
unincorpor
y years, the
equire eithe
throughou
needed ca
redevelopm
ng horizon.
hotel expan
re likely to
pdate
, P.A.
iates
ife of
0% of
on is
rated
older
his is
mate
of the
, sun
eless
keys
going
rated
e vast
er a)
t the
apital
ment
The
nsion
o be
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
13 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
accommodated in newly built seasonal residential housing units and hotels which are in
need of renovation will be unable to justify needed capital investments.
3.1.3 Effects of the Hotel Moratorium on Tourism in Unincorporated Monroe
County
At present there is a Monroe County ordinance effective in the unincorporated area which
prohibits all new hotel development throughout the unincorporated keys. This ordinance
precludes all new hotel development. In the past there has been an argument suggesting
annual hotel occupancy must exceed 90% in order for new hotels to be warranted. There
are no historic records which indicate hotel occupancy has ever exceeded 90% on an
annual basis. Further, generally accepted, standard operating hotel financial performance
norms indicate hotel operations are at the financial breakeven point near 65% occupancy2.
It is for these reasons that in unrestricted markets, there are usually few new hotels built
when annual occupancy is consistently below 65%. When annual occupancy is consistently
above 65%, the market typically responds by adding new hotel rooms until annual
occupancy falls back to approximately 65%. Throughout the hotel industry, occupancy
runs between 63% and 73% on an annual basis, under normal market conditions.
By prohibiting new hotel construction, the tourism industry in the unincorporated areas is
artificially constrained and industry growth will be choked off. The Tourism industry
cannot grow because effective occupancies are near 100% during the peak season and the
demand for hotel rooms exceeds supply during peak season months. During the off‐peak
season occupancy is unsustainably low. As a result, new peak season tourist
accommodations are provided through seasonal homes rather than full service hotels.
Because the keys market is so highly seasonal, peak season occupancy is already near 90%,
and effective occupancy rates are approximately 100%. Thus, in order to reach
economically sustainable annual occupancy rates; occupancy in the off season months must
be increased by more than 100%. That is, tourism must nearly double during the months of
September and October and must increase in other low occupancy months in order for
annual occupancy to reach economically sustainable levels. This seasonal weighting
confounds the industry ability to add economically sustainable new hotel inventory.
Figure 8 shows the past eight years of monthly occupancy in Monroe County.
The Remainder of This Page Intentionally Left Blank
2 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/US+hotel+industry+now+breaks+even+at+55.5+percent+occupancy.‐a021173755 and http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Trends+in+the+hotel+industry.‐a0131592609
Econom
April 28
Source: Smit
Because
form of n
case of p
90%. Th
rooms u
insufficie
raised to
typically
that gre
economi
speaks t
add to p
footprin
To chan
margin‐o
substant
revenue
$192 per
even mo
captured
Because
has reac
resident
hotel or
ic Trends and
8, 2011
th Travel Researc
Figu
new hotel
new season
peak on‐sea
he 90% leve
unavailable d
ent time to
o help mak
y do not trav
eater econo
ic viability
to a need fo
peak season
t and substa
nge the sea
of‐return ad
tial rate red
and rate re
r available r
ore sharply
d.
of the ordi
cted by fill
tial units, de
r resort‐lik
d Opportunit
h, Fishkind & Ass
ure 8 Mo
rooms cann
nal resident
ason months
el, however,
due to repa
o re‐book th
ke new hote
vel to the Ke
omic viabili
is at its lo
or policy and
n revenue p
antially buil
sonal visita
dvertising c
ductions wh
eduction iss
room. Durin
to improve
inance whic
ling the ne
esigned for
ke in desig
ties
sociates, Inc.
onroe Coun
not be adde
tial housing
s. During p
, is effective
airs, and lat
he room. T
els more ec
eys. This m
ity is best
w point an
d support t
otential per
ld off‐seaso
ation patter
campaigns.
hich are fou
sue, during
ng the off se
e off season
ch prohibit
eed for add
seasonal o
gn and spe
M
14
nty Month
ed, the touri
units. Dem
peak season
ely 100% o
e night non
Thus, the o
conomically
makes new h
achieved
nd barely a
hat will stim
rhaps throu
n occupanc
rn in the K
This mus
und in Sept
year 2010,
eason this fe
occupancy
s new hote
ditional hot
occupancy.
ecification,
Monroe Count
hly Hotel O
ism market
mand is part
months, ho
occupancy g
n‐arrivals or
only months
viable are
hotel develo
through ga
attainable.
mulate and
ugh more ro
cy.
Keys may r
t also be v
tember and
, revenue d
ell to $70. R
y or new tar
l constructi
tel rooms
Some of th
being built
ty Comprehe
Keith a
Fishkin
Occupancy
cannot gro
ticularly co
otel occupan
given staffin
r cancellatio
s where oc
the month
pment a kin
ains during
For existin
encourage
ooms/capac
equire very
viewed in li
October. T
during the p
Rates would
rget market
ion, we bel
with const
hese new un
t as large
nsive Plan Up
and Schnars,
nd and Associ
y
ow, except in
nstrained in
ncy is at or
ng interrupt
ons, which l
cupancy ca
hs when tou
nd of catch‐
g months w
ng hoteliers
redevelopm
city in the s
y high cost
ight of the
To illustrate
peak season
d have to de
ts identified
ieve the ma
truction of
nits may ap
as possibl
pdate
, P.A.
iates
n the
n the
near
tions,
leave
an be
urists
22 in
when
s this
ment,
same
t low
very
e the
n was
ecline
d and
arket
new
ppear
le to
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
15 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
accommodate as many people as possible given the zoning constraints of building floor
area ratios.
To the degree tourism accounts for the largest employment segment in Monroe County and
the moratorium on new transient units is overly restrictive and stifles growth in the tourist
industry, the economic development policies of Monroe County are contradictory. These
policies contribute to the development of seasonal residential units and the conversion of
permanent population to seasonal population, in our view. Further, the hotel moratorium
likely contributes to the loss of existing hotel space, much of which is obsolete and in need
of investment and rehabilitation but cannot justify the capital expense in the face of
declining tourist numbers. The loss of permanent population and decline of the visitor
industry hurts the cultural and social stability of local keys communities and hurts
employment growth in the county’s largest employment segment.
Hotel units are also under the residential ROGO constraint. However, to the degree hotel
and tourist evacuations occur 42 hours prior to general evacuations, hotels and tourists do
not pose a hurricane evacuation bottleneck. To the degree new hotel units should be
encouraged, along with off season occupancy support policy, and to the degree the number
of hotel rooms and tourists are declining, hotels should be removed from the residential
ROGO constraint and be allowed to develop or redevelop as market forces dictate. This
would allow successful properties unimpeded opportunity to improve and support the
tourist industry throughout the Keys.
The Remainder of This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
16 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
3.2 Seasonal Residential Development
The character of the housing inventory throughout the Keys is changing. There are a
number of reasons for this shift. Some of these reasons include: the restriction on new
hotel space in unincorporated areas which drives tourist growth into seasonal units, the
lack of adequate wage employment which limits demand for permanent housing,
conversion of apartments to condo, the constraining effects of ROGO on new residential
housing which places a premium on housing, drives prices up and forces a move toward
units with greater value and return, the expansion of retirement and second home
communities in the Keys and the rapidly escalating prices of developable land. These
factors all contribute to a shift toward development of higher value seasonal housing.
As an island community, it is known that some services normally found in mainland
communities may not be available in the Keys. These include medical, regional retail,
financial and transportation services. The structural lack of these kinds of services makes
the accommodation of seasonal housing easier in terms of pressure on and support by the
local infrastructure. This is not to say retirement and workforce populations will not grow
in the Keys, or that local infrastructure is non‐existent, only that accommodating seasonal
households is the easiest economic opportunity, by comparison. While there is a
prohibition on seasonal rentals, many units are not “rented” and are simply held for
occasional use by owners, family and friends.
Thus, the trend toward increased seasonality, which has emerged with greater clarity over
the past decade, is likely to continue. To change this trend, policies, land use allocations,
new hotel development and investment must be undertaken to redirect the development
trend toward more permanent population with higher levels of services, plus support for
employment and employment opportunity. Some of the current policies and market
conditions do not favor expanded economic development.
In Monroe County as a whole the trend towards increased seasonal housing is quite
pronounced as seen in Figure 9, which includes both municipal and unincorporated data.
These data indicate that among the net growth from 2000‐2009 73% of all new residential
units did not have homestead exemption. Such high non‐permanent dwelling unit volumes
supports the shift toward increased seasonality as is also described in the American
Communities Survey.
The Remainder of This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Econom
April 28
In the u
unincorp
single fa
homeste
resulting
seasonal
homeste
among
unincorp
combine
57%. T
characte
ic Trends and
8, 2011
Fig
unincorpora
porated sing
amily units b
ead/seasona
g in the m
l. For co
eaded units
single fam
porated key
ed, the inve
The uninco
eristics of ne
T
d Opportunit
gure 9 M
ated areas t
gle family h
built from 2
al units. Th
majority of
ondos thro
and 96% o
mily and co
ys is now 5
entory of ho
orporated
ew resident
The Remain
ties
onroe Cou
the trend to
homes 53%
2000‐2009
his pattern r
new single
oughout th
f those buil
ondo units
53% non‐ho
ousing in th
Keys are b
tial units bu
nder of This
M
17
unty Home
oward grea
in total are
only 45% a
represents a
e family un
e unincorp
t after year
combined
omesteaded
he unincorp
becoming i
ilt.
s Page Inten
Monroe Count
estead Exe
ater seasona
e homestead
are homeste
a significant
nits built b
porated Ke
r 2000 are n
d, the inve
d. Among a
porated Key
increasingly
ntionally Le
ty Comprehe
Keith a
Fishkin
emptions
ality is sim
ded. Howev
eaded leavi
t shift over
being non‐h
eys, fully
non‐homest
entory of h
all single fa
ys built aft
y seasonal,
eft Blank
nsive Plan Up
and Schnars,
nd and Associ
ilar. Amon
ver among t
ing 55% as
the past de
homesteade
85% are
teaded. Ov
housing in
amily and co
ter year 200
, based on
pdate
, P.A.
iates
ng all
those
non‐
ecade
ed or
non‐
erall,
n the
ondo
00 is
n the
Econom
April 28
Over the
Half of th
10.
The loss
rental ho
and the
also unk
1990, co
conversi
addition
will also
Apartme
which c
developm
strength
transien
affordab
ic Trends and
8, 2011
e past 20 yea
hese conver
Figure
s of rental a
ouseholders
degree to w
known. Gen
onversion le
ions county
nal opportun
o constrain
ent and qua
an be acco
ment would
h as a more
t housing.
ble workforc
T
d Opportunit
ars there ha
rsions took
e 10 Cond
apartments
s. The degr
which recen
nerally spea
evels are low
ywide from
nity to deve
employmen
ality rental
ommodated
d support l
permanent
The conve
ce housing.
The Remain
ties
ave been 1,1
place in jus
dominium
in this fash
ree to which
ntly convert
aking, outsid
w througho
m 2004‐200
elop replace
nt growth a
housing de
d in the un
local comm
t and stable
rsion of ap
nder of This
M
18
101 apartm
t three year
m Conversi
hion often le
h displaced
ted units su
de of the ho
ut all Monr
6 is likely
ement renta
as the econo
evelopment
nincorporat
munity effor
population
artments le
s Page Inten
Monroe Count
ent units co
rs from 200
ions in Mo
eads to disp
renters hav
ubsequently
ousing bubb
oe County.
to have cr
al housing.
omy begins
t is a land
ted areas o
rts to build
n, rather tha
eaves a nee
ntionally Le
ty Comprehe
Keith a
Fishkin
onverted to
4‐2006 as s
onroe Coun
placement o
ve left the K
y ended up i
ble and a on
The record
eated addit
The lack o
to recover
use need a
of the coun
d and maint
an developm
ed for work
eft Blank
nsive Plan Up
and Schnars,
nd and Associ
condominiu
shown in Fig
nty
of lower inc
Keys is unkn
in foreclosu
ne‐time sur
d volume of
tional need
f rental hou
from reces
and opportu
nty. Apartm
tain commu
ment of seas
ker oriented
pdate
, P.A.
iates
ums.
gure
come
nown
ure is
ge in
f 557
d and
using
ssion.
unity
ment
unity
sonal
d and
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
19 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
3.3 Government
The second largest segment of employment in the county is government, including local,
state and federal. Government has lost the most market share in terms of employment
than any other industry in Monroe County over the past 3 decades. It remains the second
largest employer; however, we anticipate government employment will remain stagnant
throughout the next decade, resulting in a further loss in share.
Local municipal budgets are negatively affected by falling ad valorem tax revenues, public
school budgets are also subject to falling ad valorem revenue which will limit new hiring.
Further the November 2010 ballot amendment to relax class size requirements will reduce
the need for additional teachers. State and local government employment in the short term
may decline by a small degree. Federal Government employment is primarily post office
and civilian employment on military bases. Federal employment has remained unchanged
in Monroe County over the past decade. While government employment is the second
largest sector of the economy, it has lost the most market share of any segment since 1980
as seen in Figure 5.
Average wages paid through all government positions are 37% higher than the average
wage countywide, reaching almost $50,000 per year.
3.4 Business Service, Finance and Real Estate
Business Service Finance and Real Estate is the third largest employment category in
Monroe County representing 13% of existing employment. This category has gained more
share of total employment than any other segment since 1980. More than 2,800 business
service jobs have been added over this period. Most of these new job formations have been
concentrated in management, consulting, travel services, computers, and business services.
Finance and Real Estate have added a small portion of these jobs however the strength in
this sector lies in professional and technical services rather than banking and real estate.
Professional service jobs pay 16% higher than the average wage countywide, almost
$42,000 per year. These jobs represent moderate to high skill positions and represent a
key target sector for employment growth strategies.
3.5 Other Retailing
Retail categories, excluding eating and drinking establishments, typically include apparel,
sporting goods, construction materials, electronics and autos. These categories have lost
both employment and market share most notably over the past ten years. Employment in
“other retailing” is now below 1990 levels and market share has fallen from peak of 16% to
11% today. There are no regional shopping centers in excess of 30 acres in Monroe
County. Community and neighborhood shopping is essentially all that is offered except for
smaller stand alone specialty stores and a handful of stand alone department stores/big
box stores. Retailing pays 76% of the average wage. In Monroe County retailing is a slow
growth industry, is constrained for space, is subject to high transportation costs to bring
Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
Economic Trends and Opportunities
April 28, 2011
20 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
Fishkind and Associates
goods in and provides a low wage. Support of existing retail centers is important so that
residents and visitors do not have to drive long distances to meet basic needs. However,
retailing is not a target for job expansion and creation, except as needed to support basic
needs. Rehabilitation of existing centers and retail space is needed so that retail facilities
do not succumb to obsolescence and fail to provide the basic services needed. Obsolete
structures and facilities will also contribute to erosion of jobs and loss of market share. An
inventory analysis of commercial retail buildings and structures in the keys suggests there
is need for this type of facilities rehabilitation. Incentivizing redevelopment of retail
structures should be a policy focus. This may include a square footage bonus to offset
rehabilitation costs and relaxation of policies regarding upgrades to non‐conforming uses.
3.6 Other Services
This category was the fastest growing employment segment from 1980‐2010, with
employment increasing by more than 200% during the period. The “Other Services”
category consists of personal services, legal services, private educational services and
engineering and accounting services. This category pays 90% of the average wage.
3.7 Medical and Health Services
Medical and health services are among the fastest growing segments of the Monroe County
economy. Almost 1,200 jobs have been added in this employment segment since 1980.
Average wages are in excess of $44,000, more than 20% above the countywide average
wage. Medical and health related facilities will continue to be in high demand as the
population ages. Employment in this category has gained a 2 percentage point increase in
share of total employment since 1980 making it the category with the 4th largest gain in
share of employment and the 3rd fastest growth rate. With high wages and fast growth the
medical and health segment is a desirable target industry on which to focus additional land
use and economic development policies.
3.8 Waterfront Related
Among traditional island communities in Florida through the past 100 years, there has
been a reliance on fishing, boating and marine environments and marine related industry
such as shipping and boat repair. Through a century of change, the marine industry has
declined while other areas of employment have grown in dramatic fashion. In terms of the
volume and share of employment, there is very little fishing, food processing or water
transportation related employment today, compared with employment in retail, finance
and the broader service sector. The fishing industry accounts for only 1 percent of
employment in island communities. Adding food processing, marine shipping, marine
repair and marina raises the share to 2 percent in Monroe County.
Recreational boating has expanded. This has opened opportunities for pleasure boat repair,
boat maintenance and storage. Pleasure boat licenses have more than doubled in the Keys
since 1980 (see Figure 11). This speaks directly to an important segment of the economy
Econom
April 28
which is
supports
historic
properti
transitio
Iowa and
which ca
At the sa
commer
fishing li
(see Figu
Water re
today, an
fish and
growth i
or elsew
compone
local res
historic
non‐mar
of the in
become
the loca
substant
Keys eco
ic Trends and
8, 2011
s the vacati
s redevelop
uses and bu
ies is tourist
on to service
d old harbo
an accommo
ame time, a
cial fishing
icenses hav
ure 12).
Figu
elated empl
nd equally s
shellfish c
industry in
where in Flo
ent of the h
staurant bus
nature of t
rine uses, th
ndustry as
a cultural fo
l restauran
tial employm
onomy. At
d Opportunit
ion home o
pment of w
uilding are p
t and vacati
e and touris
r areas such
odate some
as measured
g industry h
e fallen by 2
ure 11 Pl
oyment is th
small elsewh
atch volum
Monroe Cou
orida. With
history and c
siness which
he marine
here is a nee
it currently
ocal point, s
nt industry.
ment gener
t most the
ties
or second h
waterfront a
preserved w
ion home ba
st related ac
h as Boston
historic fish
d by comme
has decline
25% and the
easure Bo
he smallest
here in Flor
mes, and cov
unty. Nor is
hin the mar
character o
h offers “fre
and fishing
ed to develo
y exists. T
support sur
However,
rator in the
entire valu
M
21
home indus
areas such
while the ec
ased. This h
ctivities sim
and Baltim
hing and bo
ercial fishin
d sharply o
e volume of
oat License
t employme
rida. Based
vered empl
s it a growth
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f Monroe C
esh catch”.
g industry a
op a suppor
The marine
rrounding u
, the marin
future, nor
ue of comm
Monroe Count
stry. Recre
that the hi
conomic driv
has meant a
milar to Sava
more. The re
oating relate
ng licenses,
over the pa
f seafood ca
es in Monr
nt segment
on trends in
oyment, th
h industry in
ry, what ex
ounty. It is
Given the p
and the loss
rt system to
industry a
uses and con
ne industry
a large‐sca
mercial seaf
ty Comprehe
Keith a
Fishkin
eational wat
storic char
vers suppor
a waterfront
annah, Geor
esult is a vib
ed commerc
the volume
ast 30 year
atch has dec
roe County
among isla
n commerci
e marine in
n other isla
xists today
an importa
past 30 year
s of waterfr
o help maint
as it relates
ntinue to su
is not like
ale or growi
food and sh
nsive Plan Up
and Schnars,
nd and Associ
terfront act
acter and s
rting water
t redevelopm
gia; Des Mo
brant water
cial activity.
e and size o
rs. Comme
lined some
y
nd commun
ial registrat
ndustry is n
nd commun
is an impo
ant aspect o
rs of decline
ront proper
tain the viab
s to fishing
upport and b
ely to becom
ing aspect o
hellfish land
pdate
, P.A.
iates
tivity
some
front
ment
oines,
front
.
of the
ercial
70%
nities
tions,
not a
nities
rtant
of the
e, the
rty to
bility
g can
build
me a
of the
dings
Econom
April 28
(before e
the econ
diversifi
There is
includes
Navy’s M
develop
with res
marine p
vital nat
research
discussio
4.0
Within c
25 acres
parcels
employm
limited t
Accordin
To main
new resi
ic Trends and
8, 2011
expenses) is
nomy of the
cation is int
Figure
s an opport
marine re
Marine Corr
local indus
spect to mat
plants and a
tional and in
h in conjun
on will be ex
Vaca
commercial
s. This com
substantial
ment gener
to incremen
ng to the NR
ntain a ratio
idential per
Source: Code 1979, § 9.51
d Opportunit
s less than 5
e Keys has
tegral to pla
12 – Com
unity for gr
esearch, cor
rosion Test
try synergi
terials testi
animal spec
nternationa
nction with
xpanded up
ant Land U
lands in un
mbined with
lly reduces
ator in uni
ntal improve
ROGO requir
o of approxi
mit issued t
124; Ord. No. 0322001, § 1
ties
5 percent of
developed
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Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update
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23 Keith and Schnars, P.A.
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The County maintains an inventory tracking system to determine whether or not sufficient
commercial services are ultimately provided in the market place based on the 239 square
foot criteria. However, some commercial development is not dependant on resident
population and should not be tied to residential growth. For example, demand for tourist
retail is a function of tourism activity not a function of new household growth. Similarly,
industrial boat maintenance or marine research and development is not a function of
residential growth and should not be tied explicitly to residential activity. As well, medical
space needs serve tourists, workers and the elderly and this skews the empirical “per new
household” relationship which dictates how much non‐residential space may be developed.
While the 239 square feet per household is empirically observable it is merely a correlation
and is not a causal factor in determining the demand for commercial development. From
an economic perspective, using a supply based correlation to restrict commercial
development fails to assess the market demand conditions. The requirement to tie a
specific volume of commercial development to residential growth makes invalid
assumptions as to the reasons and causes for commercial development. As a result this
requirement constraints, restricts and harms the normal market processes by which the
need for commercial development is identified and new space brought into the market.
From an economic policy perspective there should be no limiting requirement which ties a
specific volume of commercial square footage to residential growth. Further, to the degree
hurricane evacuation is a function of residential populations, and not affected by workforce
population or customers, commercial development should have no ROGO limitations
whatsoever. Normal constraints on developability of lands would remain subject to,
environmental sensitivity, infrastructure capacity and stormwater management, zoning
and tier‐management as well as all other LDC rules. There is no market based or valid
economic reason to tie development of non‐residential space to the development of
residential housing. There are empirical correlations however these are not appropriate
market based demand factors and do not take into account the drivers of demand.
Further: the NROGO shall not apply to the development described below:
Development with no net increase in nonresidential floor area:
The redevelopment, rehabilitation or replacement of any lawfully established
nonresidential floor area which does not increase the amount of nonresidential floor area
greater than that which existed on the site prior to the redevelopment, rehabilitation or
replacement.
Limitations on the amount of nonresidential floor area which may be transferred to any
one site. The amount of nonresidential floor area which may be transferred to any one site
shall be as follows:
1. No more than a maximum cumulative total of 4,000 square feet of nonresidential floor
area may be transferred to any one site.
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2. A receiving structure with existing nonresidential floor area shall not be expanded using
transferred floor area if the expansion results in a structure with more than 10,000
square feet of nonresidential floor area, except within the urban commercial land use
district, where a structure may be expanded to a maximum total of 50,000 square feet
of nonresidential floor area.
Source: (Code 1979, § 9.5124.3; Ord. No. 0322001, § 1; Ord. No. 0462003, § 3; Ord. No. 0372006, § 4; Ord. No. 112006)
The amount of nonresidential floor area to be allocated shall be limited to a maximum of
2,500 square feet for any one site, except for sites located within a designated community
center overlay area.
Source: (Code 1979, § 9.5124.4; Ord. No. 0322001, § 1; Ord. No. 112006)
Under these conditions above the most effective and easily permitted commercial
development is redevelopment with no net increase in floor area. Generally speaking, new
commercial development is hindered by floor area coverage limitations, a lack of available
parcels, height restrictions, and limitations on trip generation, effectively prohibiting much
new commercial development. This leaves redevelopment as the most viable option given
land use and availability – however even this option is hindered by limitations to grow and
expand existing building space.
With respect to designing flexibility to retain local businesses, it is important this take place
in the context of non‐conforming uses. To the degree non‐conforming uses will be brought
into compliance a high degree of flexibility will be required so as not to cause the
elimination of the business in light of other restrictions. Relaxation of existing
requirements should occur to the greatest extent possible where wastewater, drainage and
stormwater issues are met to the greatest degree. To the extent possible if these criteria are
met a floor area bonus should be considered to help increase revenue potential and offset
the cost of renovation and compliance.
5.0 Livable CommuniKeys Plans
5.1 Livable CommuniKeys Plans – Vision and Outlook
Having conducted an economic and strategic overview of the unincorporated areas of
Monroe County we have identified employment trends, strategic concerns and
opportunities. In order to make actionable recommendations which are consistent with
the desires and strategic direction of Keys residents we have evaluated the Livable
CommuniKeys Plans (LCPs) for the purposes of identifying where these plans might
intersect with the economics presented and the economic development direction
presented in the Livable CommuniKeys Plans.
Within these plans what we find are distinct regions within the unincorporated keys which
reflect their own set of unique local conditions and geographically specific economic
development goals (see Figure 13). These sub‐regional characteristics are quite distinct
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from each other and distinct from the concentration and intensity of the Key West tourist
industry.
The Upper Keys have characteristics which lend considerable strength to focusing the
definition of this area as a marine sanctuary, with recreational diving, recreational boating,
eco tourism, and marine research.
The Middle Keys are more residential in character, include high value vacation and second
home communities such which are similar to other beach and island communities in
Florida such as Destin, Marco Island, and Longboat Key. There is continued opportunity for
tax base growth.
The Lower Keys are in close proximity to Key West’s main tourist destination. The lower
keys can be seen as a bedroom community to the Key West tourist workers. This area is
also more industrial and includes much of the working marine industry such as fishing,
boat repair, and tour guides. The Naval Air Station Key West is a large presence in the
Lower Keys. Facilities on Boca Chica and Key West lend substantial economic stability to
the area. There are some 1,200 permanently stationed personnel plus rotating squadrons
throughout the year. Per Diem payments to visiting personnel and salaries of stationed
personnel represent a substantial source of local income being brought into the area. This
has substantial ripple effect and is a key economic driver of the Lower Keys economy.
Also located in the lower keys is the The Naval Research Lab. The Lab is housed within the
Naval Air Station at Key West and is located on Fleming Key. The lower Keys is the center
for marine research. The Naval Research Lab command includes the “Marine Corrosion
Test Facility which offers an oceanair environment and clear, unpolluted, flowing seawater
for studies of environmental effects on materials. Equipment is available for experiments
involving weathering, general corrosion, fouling, and electrochemical phenomena, as well as
coatings, cathodic protection devices, and other means to combat environmental
degradation.”
“The laboratory has an unparalleled database for natural seawater exposure testing and
marinerelated materials evaluation. It receives a plentiful, unpolluted supply of natural
undisturbed Gulf of Mexico seawater throughout the year. The tropical climate is ideally
suited for marine exposure testing and provides minimal climatic variation, with a stable
biomass throughout the year. The laboratory has more than 1000 ft of waterfront access,
natural “blue” oceanquality seawater access, a 2500ft 2 atmospheric test site, and more
than 14,000 square feet of laboratory facilities building space”3.
3 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/key_west.htm
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Figure 13 Keys Planning Areas Map
Appendix 1 contains excerpts from the Livable CommuniKeys Plans provided to highlight
and help synthesize the integration between economic development objectives and
community goals such as livability and sustainability. Sustainability in these instances may
include environmental, economic and social/cultural aspects of the challenge of sustainable
living practices in the face of the physical constraints of island living. The goal of this
section of the report is to identify sustainable economic directives from the LCPs and
integrate these with economic development opportunities, goals and objectives.
5.2 Summary of Upper Keys Key Largo LCP Findings
Commercial redevelopment of existing sites within the original footprint, with no increase
in building square footage is allowed and encouraged in the Key Largo LCP.
New high intensity commercial development is prohibited. Redevelopment which expands
a local business floor area is prohibited. New Hotel development is prohibited. New
commercial development greater than 2,500 sq ft on any one site is prohibited. Waterfront
seasonal housing which may replace water related or water dependant uses is under
moratorium. As a result of the highly physically constrained conditions, lack of viable
developable sites and regulatory prohibitions, most new commercial development is
disallowed in the upper Keys or highly constrained.
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5.4 Summary of Middle Keys
The functional population of the Middle Keys is projected to increase by fewer than 100
persons through year 2030. This will translate to a need for approximately 50 additional
dwelling units through year 2030. The lack of developable lands and limited growth
suggests the economic opportunity in the Middle Keys is primarily support of the valuation
and tax base of existing developed property.
5.5 Summary of No Name and Big Pine Keys LCP
There is very limited new development opportunity on No Name and Big Pine Keys. The
combination of limited land availability, concurrency constraints and other restrictions
effectively limit new commercial development to very low levels if at all. The local
community does not wish to embark on a path that would bring regional users or regional
facilities to these areas.
These conditions point to the need to build sustainable communities through
redevelopment.
5.7 Summary of Stock Island and Key Haven LCP
The working waterfront and major employment center of the unincorporated Keys is
located on Stock Island. The resident population is highly engaged and supportive of
maintaining the employment opportunities associated with marine dependant activities
including fishing, ship building and repair, tour guides and other water or waterfront
dependant activities such as marine research.
Residentially zoned land is built out on Stock Island. Remaining vacant lands are either
Mixed Use or Industrially zoned.
The focus for economic development opportunity on Stock Island is support of the marine
industry, preservation of marine uses, and redevelopment of existing parcels with a focus
on marine industry services, facilities and support. Opportunities for marine related
science and technology research are strongest in this planning area due to the proximity to
the Navy’s Marine Corrosion Test Facility and the Key West Airport, which facilitates travel.
6.0 Working Waterfront
The keys began a rapid transition from fishing to tourism beginning in 1975; declines in
fisheries and catch volume were pronounced in the 1980s. In 1994, the “Net Ban” further
diminished the fishing industry. Inexpensive seafood competition from foreign sources
made revenues decline for those remaining. Catch volume has declined further during the
most recent decade from 2000‐2009. A transition of land uses through redevelopment has
shifted marine and waterfront related uses to seasonal housing and condominium uses.
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The transition away from fishing and marine related industry is typical and well
documented in similar island communities throughout Florida. For island communities
however, this represents a shift away from the historic and cultural aspects which gave rise
to the community in the first place. In response to this change in orientation and loss of
traditional economic activity, the County undertook to study the working waterfront in an
attempt to help maintain and preserve the culture, history and economy of the Florida
Keys.
In 2005 The Working Waterfront Management Plan was undertaken by the County through
the South Florida Regional Planning Council and the FAU Center for Urban and
Environmental Solutions. Relevant excerpts from this report (cut and pasted in the
following boxes, with page references below), as they relate to economic development
potential and opportunities are included in this section for review and integration with the
overall economic development strategy presented in this report.
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Working Waterfront Conditions today:
Pages 24‐26
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Pages 24‐26
Page 24 Marine Management Study
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Page 25
6.1 Summary and Findings of the Marine Management Working
Waterfronts Report
The pattern of encroachment on working waterfronts has been largely stopped since the
2005 Working Waterfronts publication. There is a recognition and commitment on the part
of the County and its citizens to help support the marine and maritime communities. This
positions the Keys to take advantage of public support for the cultural and historic value of
fishing and other water related activities.
7.0 Monroe County Strengths and Weakness Assessment
Strengths – natural environment, marine sanctuary, aquaculture, marine research,
geographically distinct planning areas; established and successful tourism industry,
nationally recognized, national marine protections, stability of military presence.
Weaknesses – subject to environmental forces of hurricanes, hurricane evacuation
constraints, sea level rise, ocean warming; resource degradation in fishing productivity and
coral reef health; remote location; workforce availability, workforce transportation, high
land and housing prices, high cost of living; education; insufficient infrastructure in roads,
water, wastewater; insufficient raw land/ physical buildout approaching – redevelopment
only; redevelopment opportunity constrained by Vision plans which prefer to retain weak
industries or limits commercial development.
The list of weaknesses and challenges facing the Keys is greater than the list of strengths
when examining the conditions from the perspective of economic opportunity.
Nonetheless, within the context of these constraints, there are opportunities to gain
economic efficiency, improve upon the strengths available and lessen the impacts which
affect sustainability of existing residents and businesses throughout the Keys.
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8.0 Recommendations
8.1 Redevelopment Floor Space Bank
The Keys are effectively built out for all practical purposes with respect to commercial
opportunity. In this case, build out is characterized by a lack of substantial volumes of
developable lands, combined with numerous development moratoria of different types,
floor area expansion limitations, transportation and hurricane evacuation constraints,
ROGO limitations, and a public sentiment which openly and actively discourages growth.
In such cases economic opportunity lies predominantly in redevelopment.
The inventory of hotel space is aged in the unincorporated Keys. The retail and office space
inventory is also aged and suitable for redevelopment. Industrial and office space generally
has high vacancy rates suggesting a higher frequency of obsolete uses on specific parcels.
Because of the traffic, utilities and environmental constraints facing keys development and
redevelopment, a mechanism or market to pool redevelopment volumes such as a
“redevelopment capacity bank” may be a viable strategy to facilitate redevelopment
activity. This would allow for the sale of abandoned and demolished “floor space” to be
accumulated in a redevelopment bank.
Accumulated or “banked” floor space could be sold by the “redevelopment capacity bank”
at a later time, to be aggregated on sites which are better suited and better located to
accommodate commercial and tourist related development. This would help redirect
development away from sensitive or underserved locations and encourage development in
locations where growth and development is encouraged. Table 3. highlights the vacancy
conditions by commercial segment within the unincorporated Keys, as of February 2011.
The generally small average square foot building size is representative of the small scale,
small business orientation of the Keys. There are few big box stores and few very large
scale hotels. This characterizes the Keys and in particular highlights the small and local
nature of business and commerce in the Keys.
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Table 3 Current Vacancy Rates by Property Type in Unincorporated Monroe
County
Property Type Vacancy Rate Avg Bldg Sq Ft*
Industrial 21.1% 10,521
Office 12.7% 4,666
Retail 5.8% 10,781
Hospitality 0.0% 62,824
Specialty Marina 0.0% 9,699
All Space 4.5% 14,404
* Includes Vacant and
Occupied
Source: CoStar Inc.; Fishkind & Associates, Inc., Feb. 2011
8.2 Target Industry – Tourism – Ending the Moratorium on New
Hotels
The greatest economic opportunity throughout the Keys is to target employment segments
which are both large and fast growing. The Tourist sector which includes hotels, recreation
and eating and drinking establishments is the largest employment sector in the county and
the second fastest growing employment sector since 1980. Despite the Tourist
Development Council reporting a 16% decline in visitors since 2003, tourist and related
employment has slipped by less than half that rate. The industry has been buoyed by
occupancy in the increasing numbers of seasonal housing units. As a result, the percentage
decline in the tourist industry and tourist employment is less than the recession related
decline in Monroe County employment, despite a loss of hundreds of hotel rooms in recent
years.
One key step in supporting the tourist industry is to lift the moratorium on new hotel
development in the unincorporated areas. Allowing new hotel development will reduce the
pressure to build seasonal housing; is likely to slow the transition of population from
permanent to seasonal; and will support wider access to and more economically viable
uses for waterfront properties. This would support a second goal of supporting working
waterfronts by allowing more commercially compatible uses with existing commercial
waterfront operations. Finally, new hotel development will create a larger volume of
additional tourist related hotel, retail and restaurant jobs rather than the limited volume of
real estate sales and rental occupations associated with seasonal housing.
Tourism in Monroe County is event driven and highly seasonal. Expanding the duration of
the season to off peak times will utilize existing capacity and expand the revenue potential
of the industry without requiring additional peak season infrastructure. Though off‐peak
season is coincident with hurricane season, visitor evacuation times are not a factor since
tourist evacuations occur prior to general population evacuation. Expand visitor volumes
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into non‐peak season times should be a policy focus to complement development of new
and redevelopment of existing hotel motel properties.
8.3 Target Industry Marine Resources
Marine research, aquaculture, marine related technology facilities and coral reef research
and preservation activities should be targeted for expansion and relocation to the keys. It
is recommended the establishment of a local marine quality/ marine research and
technology task force be created. The purpose of this entity is to bring together the civilian
and military marine research activities to the extent possible, to link the underwater parks
and preserves with sustainable coral reef research as relates to global warming and
develop marine based technologies through basic scientific research on flora and fauna.
There are numerous national and international efforts to protect and preserve the corals.
Resources such as these noted below should be taken full advantage of with respect to
funding and research opportunities and providing the anchors to expanding local research
and technology efforts:
• National Coral Reef Action Strategy
• NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program
• U.S. Coral Reef Task Force
• NOAA's Coral Reef Information Service (CoRIS)
• The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated
States: 2008
Under the direction and control of the Tourist Development Council the office of Eco‐
Tourism should be further supported. This office should be tasked with the facilitating
communication and administrative organization among reefs, national preserves, local and
national parks, and upland or land based natural preserves among other
wildlife/environmental activities. Fully 20% of visitors to the Keys participate in Nature
Study and Wildlife Observation4. Advertising synergy, events, awareness building and joint
marketing efforts should be undertaken as part of the TDC budget specifically as it relates
to eco‐tourism, reef preservation and joint promotion of national wildlife parks and
reserves. This group can, for example, also interface with environmental preservation
groups to find common ground for improving the sustainability of Keys living,
implementing the Livable CommuniKeys Plans, and developing event driven marketing
plans for econ‐tourism and promotion of Keys Wildlife.
Enhance waterfront with more viable uses while maintaining or supplementing with
financial support for fishing and marine industries. Redevelopment in concert with
waterfront enhancement through the “redevelopment capacity bank” should be offered a
three to five year ad‐valorem tax break, where property taxes are forgiven for a limited
period during the redevelopment and re‐launch period. Unless financial incentives are
4 Visitor Profiles June 2010, Linking the Economy and the Environment of the Florida Keys,
P. 74, Table A.2.4 Visitor Participation by Activity
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provided to enhance waterfront properties, there is little justification to forego current
income and undertake a substantial capital investment, particularly when limited upside
revenue potential is available due to restrictions on floor area expansion. Financing
mechanisms such as the Community Redevelopment Area (CRA) should be explored to
support commercial development. Commercial development is highly encouraged to offset
restrictions which may result from Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ)
expansions.
8.4 DeCouple Commercial Development from Residential
Development
It is recommended the linkage between residential and non‐residential development
volumes be eliminated. The annual commercial development allowance of 239 square feet
per new residential unit should be de‐coupled and eliminated. There is no economic
support or theoretical justification for such linkage and such linkage unnecessarily harms
commercial development and job generating potential. Further, all future new commercial
development and commercial re‐development under these conditions would be conducted
and evaluated on an “Equivalent Residential Unit” (ERU) basis with respect to traffic and
other impacts. In this fashion the distinctions of commercial development by type should
be eliminated, such that retail, hotel, office and industrial uses may be interchangeable with
respect to development thresholds. This would allow for greater flexibility in
redevelopment opportunities of commercial and employment generating properties.
8.5 Growth Industries Target List
Based on the employment analysis, the segments of the economy which experienced
employment growth from year 2000‐2010 have been identified (see Table 4). It is
recommended that favorable permitting and relocation/expansion support be provided by
local government when companies within the target groups engage in planning or
proposals to invest or expand locally. Miscellaneous business services, the top
employment group, includes the following types of businesses: Legal services, Accounting
and bookkeeping services, Architectural and engineering services, Specialized design
services, Computer systems, design and related services, Management and technical
consulting services, Scientific research and development services, Advertising and related
services, Other professional and technical services. This group also specifically includes
engineering and research activity/employment as part of the marine research effort. It is
important to note the strongest employment growth segment also includes marine related
scientific research which is uniquely suited for success in the Monroe County.
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Table 4 – Monroe County Growth Industries 20002009
SIC Industry Name Growth
73 MISC.BUSINESS SERVICES 2,064
58 EAT & DRINK PLCS 606
49 ELEC,GAS,SAN.SVCS 297
17 SPECIALTY CONSTRUCTION 198
55 AUTO DLRS.&SVC.STAT 173
84 MUSEUM, BOT. & ZOO 117
48 COMMUNICATIONS 113
47 TRANSPORTATION SVCS 106
16 HEAVY CONSTRUCTION 75
65 REAL ESTATE 64
64 INS.AGNTS,BRKS.SER 63
83 SOCIAL SVCS 50
9 FISH.,HUNT.,TRAP. 41
81 LEGAL SVCS 40
22 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS 28
34 FAB.METAL PROD 27
39 MISC.& OTHER MFG. 20
86 MEMBERSHIP
ORGANIZATIONS
17
88 PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS 13
25 FURNITURE & FIXTURE MFG 9
Economically speaking, the Florida Keys faces a host of daunting challenges. The
governmental and regulatory response has focused on restrictive and/or prohibitive
solutions. Despite these conditions, there remain substantial economic opportunities in
the Keys which build on its natural strengths. Embracing these strengths to a greater
degree will enhance the community and quality of life in Monroe County.
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Appendix 1 Excerpts of Liveable Communikeys Plans
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Key Largo Livable CommuniKeys Plan
The area examined in the Key Largo Liveable CommuniKeys Plan is shown in Figure
14.
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Stakeholder survey results
Page 19
Land use flexibility is needed to allow the conversion, re‐distribution, and relocation of
needed land uses. One suggestion to enhance flexibility is to allow the Transfer of Building
Rights to move between planning areas throughout the unincorporated Keys.
Page 20
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Strategies
Page 23
Page 24
Workforce Development
Page 40
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Economic Development
Page 48
This should apply to marinas, dive centers, interactive dolphins exhibits, RV park,
restaurant, hotel, boat launch, and marine research and technology innovation centers.
Page 50
Page 53
With respect to designing flexibility to retain local businesses, it is important this take place
in the context of non‐conforming uses. To the degree non‐conforming uses will be brought
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into compliance a high degree of flexibility will be required so as not to cause the
elimination of the business in light of other restrictions. Relaxation of existing
requirements should occur to the greatest extent possible where wastewater, drainage and
stormwater issues are met to the greatest degree. To the extent possible if these criteria are
met a floor area bonus should be considered to help increase revenue potential and offset
the cost of renovation and compliance.
No Name and Big Pine Keys LCP
Commercial development:
Page 13
Page 15
Coupled with the following NROGO provision: the following new uses or
change in use are prohibited on Big Pine Key/No Name Key:
(1) Commercial retail high‐intensity uses that generate more than 150
trips per 1,000 square feet of floor area.
(2) Outdoor storage, as a principal use.
(3) Outdoor retail sales, as a principal use.
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Page 30
Goal 4
Page 42
Economic Development Element
Page 80
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Stock Island and Key Haven LCP
Page 12
Planning objectives for Stock Island
Page 17
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Page 23
Page 23
Strategy 1.3
Page 25
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Affordable housing affects availability of and access to workforce
Page 33
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